Pesquisando por: "Hand with book" - Fotoarena - Agência de fotojornalismo

cewitness106070 PORT MACQUARIE, NSW - FEB 06 2026:POV (Point of view) of a blind person reading a book using Braille, a tactile writing and reading system used by people who are blind or have low vision. It consists of cells containing up to six raised dots arranged in two vertical columns of three. By feeling these dots with their fingertips, readers can identify letters, numbers, and symbols//

cewitness106071 PORT MACQUARIE, NSW - FEB 06 2026:POV (Point of view) of a blind person reading a book using Braille, a tactile writing and reading system used by people who are blind or have low vision. It consists of cells containing up to six raised dots arranged in two vertical columns of three. By feeling these dots with their fingertips, readers can identify letters, numbers, and symbols//

uigphotos536715 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536716 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536717 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536718 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536719 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536720 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536721 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536722 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536723 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536724 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536633 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

uigphotos536632 Livonia, Michigan, Bookstock, an annual used book sale, stretches throughout the Laurel Park Place shopping mall with about half a million books on sale. Proceeds from the volunteer-run sale benefit a variety of literacy and educational programsLivonia/Michigan/United States

hiphotos578713 Two carved wooden statues of bearded men with haloes above their heads, one holds a set of keys, the other a book, [Russia?], between 1905 and 1915. Russian chemist and photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (1863-1944) was a pioneer in colour photography which he used to document early 20th-century Russia and her empire, including the vanishing way of life of tribal peoples along the Silk Route in Central Asia. In a railway-carriage darkroom provided by Czar Nicholas II, Prokudin-Gorsky used the three-colour photography process to record traditional costumes and occupations, churches and mosques - many now Unesco World Heritage sites - as well as modernisation in agriculture, industry and transport//

hiphotos578057 Judith with the head of Holofernes, 1898//

hiphotos577678 Farmer woman from Amager, 1843. Dressed in national costume; black robe with rich appliqués and edging in different colours. Large, gilded buckles on the chest. Hood tied with a ribbon around the neck. Psalm book in one hand and white handkerchief in the other. White gloves. The psalm book and the white gloves and the handkerchief suggest that it is holiday dress she is wearing, as if she is on her way to church. On the left, Copenhagen can be seen on the horizon. Bright blue sky//

hiphotos577211 New monument erected over the grave of John Bunyan in Bunhill-Fields Burial-ground, City-Road, [London], 1862. 'The length of the foundation-stone is 8ft. 6in., and the height 6ft. 2in. On the north side is a carved stone panel, on which Christian is represented as starting on his journey with the burden on his back; while on the south side he is represented as in the act of reaching the cross, the burden falling from his shoulders. On the top of the tomb is a carved stone effigy of Bunyan, in a reclining posture, with book in hand, his head resting on a pillow. At the east end of the memorial is a slab, formed of a portion of the old tomb, on which are engraved the following words: "John Bunyan, Author of 'The Pilgrim's Progress.' Ob. August 31, 1688, AE. 60." The slab at the opposite end records the fact of the erection of the work by public subscription, under the presidency of the Earl of Shaftesbury, May, 1862. The tomb is surrounded by a rich dwarf iron railing. Mr. E. C. Papworth, the//

hiphotos577209 "A Painter's First Work", by Marcus Stone in the Royal Academy Exhibition, 1862. Engraving of a painting. 'Our little incipient painter has been left at home in an empty room. We may fancy that he has looked long and often at the Lely-like portrait of a lady with no eye to observe and no hand to check, the irresistible imitative impulse, or rather the first inspiration of genius, prompts him to seize the chalk and copy what has so long held him under a spell. He does so, and, as a "first work," even this rough chalk sketch has abundant indication of a special natural gift and faculty. Just as he has finished his outline the father returns seeing the panels of the oak press scrawled all over and disfigured with chalk, he turns to scold the little fellow for, as he thinks, slovenliness and idleness, and to threaten him with the consequences of a repetition of the offence. The boy, surprised and detected, stands abashed; but still, as if conscious of having been incited by//

hiphotos577100 Wedding presents to Her Royal Highness Princess Alice: Prayer book and casket from the Matrons of England, Bible and casket from the Maidens of England, 1862. 'The Offering of the Maidens of England is a special large-paper copy of Bagster's facsimile octavo Polyglot Bible, bound in the richest purple morocco. It is mounted with beautifully-pierced and engraved clasps of the finest gold, bearing devices of the national Rose, and contains in the centre monograms, coronet, and initial A entwined with rosebuds The edges of the leaves are most brilliantly illuminated (by James West) The casket to contain the Bible is of ebony, elegantly carved (by Messrs. Kemm Brothers) with enamelled escutcheons The Gift of the Matrons of England is Bell's large-paper edition of the Prayer Book, with ornamental capitals, red rubrics, &c., bound in the same deep morocco, and ornamented with the finest gold clasps and monograms, of a design to harmonise with the Bible The rich vellum flyleaves are adorned with//

hiphotos577080 The International Exhibition - "L'Innominato", painted by Guardassoni, of Bologna, 1862. Engraving of a painting. ' For readers not familiar with the works of Manzoni we may mention that the subject of this picture is taken from "I Promessi Sposi," an historical novel in the manner of Sir Walter Scott by this modern Italian author The "Innominato,' or the "Nameless One," is, according to Manzoni, invested with a great deal of terrible romance even in history. Though spoken of in more than one contemporary work, and the identity of the facts proving they apply to the same person, yet his name is never mentioned. He is always referred to as "this one," "that one," "this man," "that person," as if, says Manzoni, the writer, fearing the chief or his many accomplices, would rather burn his pen or his hand than divulge the terrible secret, if even he know it. The Cardinal, Frederico, himself speaks of him only as a person of great//

hiphotos577041 Top of Elkington's silver repoussé table, in the International Exhibition, 1862. 'This work, the ornamental portion of which was designed and executed by Morel Ladeuil, is intended to portray the poetical influences of sleep The composition on the top of the table is entirely of female figures divisible into three separate tableaux Victory has the prominent position in the Soldier's Dream; she bears the palm-leaf in her right hand and the Book of History in her left; and is followed by Fame, who sounds her trumpet; Glory, with the myrtle and military rewards, stretches forth her hand to crown the victor. The Minstrel dreams of what he sings: Love, in the figure of an eastern beauty, surrounded by Cupids; Melody, with the lyre, and robed with music; Folly, with her cap and bells; and Fortune, who, kneeling on her emblematical wheel, scatters gold The third dream is that of the Agriculturist; and is one of Peace and Plenty. The figures bear offerings of the fruits of the earth, intertwined//

hiphotos571730 "John Bunyan Reciting 'The Pilgrim's Progress' to his friends in Bedford Gaol", by G. F. Folingsby, of Munich, in the exhibition of Fine Arts at Melbourne, Australia, 1864. Engraving of a painting. 'Bunyan is reciting with characteristic fervour some scene of the "Progress" - let us suppose it to be the story of Christian and Eaithful imprisoned by the people of Vanity Fair - which scene he has just composed on the desk to his right, under which lies a huge book - either the Bible or the "Book of Martyrs," his constant companions. His listeners are two Bedford friends and the good gaoler, standing with his keys at his side; while, nestling under Bunyan's arm, is the poor little blind daughter who was long a daily companion of his captivity. The picture has great artistic merit, particularly as regards drawing and character, and is the work of a young artist studying at Munich. It has been purchased as one of the first pictures collected for the public gallery at Melbourne,//

hiphotos568665 St Simon. Plate 4. From: Christ and the Apostles, 1545. St Simon is shown in a very classicised pose, concentrating intently on the religious tome that he is reading. The book rests on a block which is decorated with a heraldic device featuring a two-handled saw, which alludes to Simon's martyrdom in which such a device was used to kill him//

hiphotos568659 Cain killing Abel, 1524. The story is recounted in the Book of Genesis and tells of Cain's jealousy of his younger brother, whose sacrifice is preferred by God. Cain kills Abel and is condemned to be an outcast in the lands 'east of Eden'. In this engraving, the bearded and clearly older figure of Cain is about to land the death blow on the youthful Abel's exposed neck with the jawbone of an ass//

hiphotos568022 Saint John the Baptist and Saint John the Evangelist with a Donor, 1410//

hiphotos563623 Bible presented to the Princess of Wales by Sunday-school children, 1868. 'The Bible which was lately presented to her Royal Highness, in the name of a great number of Sunday school-children in England and Wales, who had subscribed their pence for that object, was bound, as shown in our Illustration, by Messrs. Cox and Son, manufacturers of church furniture and Gothic carvers, of Southampton-street, Strand, and Belvedere-road, Lambeth. The side boards of the volume are of carved cedar, with massive silver mountings, engraved with the rose, shamrock, and thistle, and with other emblems. On one side is an ivory carving, which shows the Crucifixion in the centre; while "Moses in the bullrushes," "Samuel and Eli," "Christ blessing little children," and "The Holy Family" are represented in the four corners. On the other side are the Royal arms, and those of Denmark. The ivory carvings were executed in France'. From "Illustrated London News", 1868//

hiphotos563290 The Abyssinian Church Festival of Palm Sunday, 1868. 'The service begins before daybreak each man held a long stick in his hand, with a cross piece on the top exactly like the staffs used in the Greek Church The first part of the ceremony was to present bits of the palm to every one present A very large copy of the Scriptures in Coptic, written on sheepskin, and well bound in brown leather, was held up by two of the younger clergy. One of the older priests stood before it with a richly-ornamented wooden cross, which he held in his right hand, as if presenting it to the book; in his other hand he held, like the others, a branch of palm. He read a portion of the book. I noticed that at times he was not quite sure of the words; and more than once I heard him prompted and corrected in his reading by those around him. This does not indicate a great degree of scholarship among the priests of this Church Beside this priest there stood a robed attendant with incense, in a very richly-ornamented censer.//

hiphotos563183 The Explorations at Jerusalem: rock-cut tunnel near the Fountain of the Virgin, 1869. 'There is a passage about 1700 ft. in length from this intermittent spring to the Pool of Siloam, which has been thoroughly explored by Lieutenant Warren. One of his letters gives an account of the difficulties he met with in this very disagreeable, if not perilous, task. The height of the passage diminishes in going up from Siloam till in some places it is not more than 16in. or 20in. high; so that Lieutenant Warren, Sergeant Birtles, and a fellah, or Arab labourer, with them, were obliged to lie flat on their backs, and to crawl along, with the measuring instruments, pencil, and note-book, carried in one hand and a lighted candle held in the mouth, through a foul stream of water, sometimes 12 in. deep; they were four hours in making the passage, and might have been drowned by a sudden rising of the water. The larger tunnel cut through, the rock, was discovered by Lieutenant Warren, in October, 1867 All these//

hiphotos556469 Mr. Charles Dickens's last reading, 1870. 'Mr. Dickens was and is remarkably well qualified for the task [of reading his works in public]. He possesses much histrionic power, and has more than once taken his part in stage performances, to the delight of his friends Last Tuesday evening Mr. Dickens brought his long series of readings to a close at St. James's Hall, choosing the Christmas Carol and the Trial from Pickwick..The author..expressed [his regret] in the following speech "Ladies and Gentlemen it would be hypocritical and unfeeling, if I were to disguise that I close this episode in my life with feelings of very considerable pain. For some fifteen years I have had the honour of presenting my own cherished ideas before you and, in closely observing your reception of them, have enjoyed an amount of artistic delight which perhaps it is given to few men to know..I have been uniformly cheered by the most generous sympathy, and the most stimulating support. Nevertheless, I have//

hiphotos556438 "Young England," by G. Halse, 1870. 'This marble statuette, by Mr. Halse, in the Royal Academy Exhibition, will doubtless find many admirers among at least the homelier class of visitors. A little boy in knickerbockers, laying his cricket bat aside for awhile, only to pore with pleased expression over his book, is, we believe, an ideal of "Young England" which will find acceptance with both intellectually and muscularly inclined Christians. No further comment is therefore needed beyond quoting the lines which the sculptor has appended to the title in the catalogue: "Not prone to pastime at the cost of mind, Nor studious at the cost of foot and hand, Fit hours he gives alike to thew and thought, In healthful alternation wisely planned".' From "Illustrated London News", 1870//

hiphotos556348 Ecclesiastical Council at Rome: South Transept of St. Peter's, arranged for the Opening Ceremonies, 1870. 'The arch which loads to the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament was the only one on the north side that was not concealed. The last arch was inclosed with a wooden screen, having a door, which formed one of the entrances to the Council Chamber The screen, though of wood, is got up with such architectural effect that it yet harmonises very well with the grand interior of the cathedral. It is painted in imitation of various marbles, similar to those with which the interior of St. Peter's is overlaid. The pilasters supporting the pediment are in panels; on the top of each are the triple tiara and keys, with the Pope's arms on a shield. On the pediment itself is painted a figure of the Deity [god] holding in one hand a book, and with the other hand held out, as if explaining or declaring the true meaning of that which is written. This is expressed in the Latin inscription on a panel underneath, as follows://

hiphotos556177 Scene on the Upper Yang-Tze-Kiang, China, 1870. 'Very little is yet known of the frequent and remarkable changes in this river; or whether its rising should be ascribed to the rains, or to the melting of snows at its sources It is between I-Chang and Chung-King that steam-navigation would be most valuable, dispensing with the necessity of the large crews, averaging thirty-five men, employed to track the junks up over the rapids. The voyage of a junk between Chung-King and Hankow usually takes three months, being often delayed by adverse winds The View shown by Lieutenant Palmer's sketch engraved for this Number is one of the Lukan Gorge, described in Captain Blakiston's book. The sketch is taken from a point about a mile within the gorge, looking back through its eastern entrance, and down the river. The stream in the foreground is a mountain torrent flowing into the Yang-Tze, from right to left in our view, and the main river appears descending from the extreme right hand Sub-Lieutenant//

hiphotos556142 The Papal Great Council at Rome: Reading Out The Decrees, 1870. ' the act of formally reading out the decrees of the Council, as performed by the Secretary, Monsignor Fessler, at a plenary session in the Council Hall [in] St. Peter's Cathedral [A] seat for the Pope is partly shown to the left hand in our Engraving, which looks directly across the hall, towards the benches of the Bishops and towards the gallery of the foreign ambassadors and ladies The most conspicuous object is a portable wooden pulpit, which is brought into the Council Hall for the solemn promulgation of its transactions. The Pope, though not visible in our Engraving, [is] present on his throne, far to the left hand, and the Secretary of the Council turns his face towards the Pope while reading the decrees. All the prelates of the Council wear their mitres upon this occasion, being in the exercise of their deliberative and legislative authority; but their mitres are laid aside, of course, when engaged in religious worship.//

hiphotos551268 An old woman with an open book, 1800-1899//

hiphotos550080 "Lady Jane Grey's Victory over Bishop Gardiner", by G. F. Folingsby, 1871. Engraving of a painting. '"Gardiner is deputed by Queen Mary to convince Lady Jane of her errors, and offer a pardon for herself and husband on condition of being reconciled to the Church of Rome. She refuses to recant, and Gardiner breaks off the discussion in a rage." several attempts were made to induce Lady Jane Grey to recant during her confinement in the Tower She is represented to have been remarkably beautiful and intelligent, yet to have preserved all the unaffected graces proper to her sex and age the young martyr's conscience would not allow her to purchase life at the sacrifice demanded by the cruel bigoted Queen the artist doubtless intends to suggest by the book lying open in her lap that Lady Jane has been drawing her arguments from the Bible or her favourite Greek Testament; whilst we may assume the ponderous tome held by the Bishop to contain the writings of one of the Church Saints or//

hiphotos549960 "Kept In", by Julius Geertz, 1871. Engraving of a painting. 'It is no paradox to affirm that it is often the best compliment you can pay an artist to say very little of his work; and the compliment is certainly well deserved in the case of this pleasant picture by M. Julius Geertz, of a scene of German peasant family life. The pencil here can well afford to dispense with the pen - indeed, there is nothing left for the latter. Even without the title one could not fail to guess the crime with which the father is taxing the late-returning schoolboy; and the justice of the accusation is confessed in the boy's downcast, shamefaced look. He has already had to pay a penalty for ill-learnt lessons; and a further punishment is, perhaps, in store: the bread and water set at his vacant place at the table may be all that he has to expect for dinner to-day. His judges, however, are not of the most unrelenting, and grandmother, very possibly in collusion with others of the family, will assuredly take pity on//

hiphotos549249 The Virgin Mary with Saints Thomas Aquinas and Paul, about 1335. Probably intended for a small chapel, this triptych shows the Virgin Mary in the centre flanked by Saint Thomas Aquinas and Saint Paul. On the left panel Saint Thomas Aquinas wears the Dominican habit and holds a book of his writings. On the right panel, Saint Paul turns toward the Virgin and holds his symbol of martyrdom, the sword. In the centre, the Virgin Mary wears a rich deep blue cloak made from ultramarine or lapis lazuli, a very precious and expensive pigment. A pattern of intricate marks called tooling, punched into the gold, defines the halo around her head. The background of the panels is covered with a thin layer of gold leaf, but the impression is of solid gold, meant to honour the holy figures depicted. As if she is extending into our space, the Virgin Mary reaches over the marble parapet with her right hand. This gesture symbolizes the holy Mother's power and mercy, and her unique position to serve for humans as a//

hiphotos549246 The Story of Joseph, about 1485. Drawn from the Old Testament, a series of continuous narratives depicts episodes from the life of Joseph, the favourite son of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob. In the left-hand loggia, Jacob, seated on a throne, sends Joseph to his half-brothers tending sheep in the field. In the far left corner, the brothers, jealous of their father's love for Joseph, strip him of his jacket and throw him into a pit. Passing merchants purchase the young boy from his brothers for twenty pieces of silver. In the background to the right, the merchants board the ship that will take them and their cargo to Egypt. In the right-hand loggia, the brothers show a blood-smeared coat to their father as evidence that Joseph is dead. With his head in his hands, Jacob mourns his son, whom he believes to be dead//

hiphotos549203 Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, about 1475. Additional Info: For four years, Saint Jerome retreated to the desert to the southeast of Antioch (in modern-day Turkey), where he purified his soul through physical suffering. Seated before the vaulted ruin of his desert hermitage, his wiry limbs, sunken eye sockets, and tanned skin are a testament to the harsh conditions of ascetic life. He directs his gaze to the crucifix that he holds in his left hand. During his time of religious contemplation, Jerome was tormented by vivid temptation-filled hallucinations; his right hand clasps a rock with which he would beat his breast until the visions passed. A nook in the structure behind him holds his attributes: a cardinal’s hat and a book referring to his later work of translating the Bible into Latin. A small lion inside the shelter recalls another episode in Jerome’s life, when he pulled a thorn from a lion’s paw, forever securing the animal’s devotion//

hiphotos549105 Portrait of Marc de Villiers, 1747. Additional Info: Jacques-André-Joseph Aved created a sense of immediacy by depicting Marc de Villiers, a high government official to the court of Louis XV, leaning slightly forward while fixing the spectator with an intense gaze. Next to him an ornate desk is covered with parliamentary and state papers. Grasping the arm of the chair as if about to rise, Villiers holds a copy of Homer's Iliad in his right hand, giving the impression that he has been interrupted while reading. By appearing in his study and in casual dress, the sitter presents himself not only as a high-ranking official but also as a gentleman scholar//

hiphotos549097 Prince Charles Louis of the Palatinate with his Tutor Wolrad von Plessen in Historical Dress, 1631. Additional Info: Wearing a gold medallion around his neck, an elderly man leans forward and extends a hand towards a youth who sits in front of a book. The man looks neither at the boy nor at the large open volume but instead gazes sympathetically at the viewer. Wearing a laurel wreath upon his head and dressed in a golden yellow robe with a richly embroidered cape, the daydreaming boy stares off into the distance//

hiphotos549034 The Wedding Feast at Cana, about 1575-1580. Additional Info: Depicts an episode from the life of Christ from the Gospel of John (2:1-11) in which Jesus, his mother Mary, and his disciples are invited to a wedding. When Mary notices that the wine has run out, Christ delivers a sign of his divinity by turning water into wine at her request. Here, Christ and Mary are seated at the center of the table, with the bridegroom on their right and the bride seated at the head of the table. Other guests, some standing and some seated, are assembled around the table. Behind them servants arrive with plates of food. Fontana shows the moment of the miracle, when Jesus raises his hand in benediction//

hiphotos548993 Lot and His Daughters, about 1622. Additional Info: From the safety of the cave where they have taken refuge, Lot’s daughters appear absorbed by an event taking place beyond the painting’s borders - God's annihilation of the city of Sodom, burning in the distance. Believing that they alone survive to perpetuate the human race, the daughters have plied their father with alcohol, to aid their incestuous seduction of him. Each will later bear Lot a son: Moab and Ammon, the founders of tribes often pitted against Israel//

hiphotos548804 Portrait of a Young Boy, about 1860-1869. Full length portrait of a young boy, wearing a suit with a red flower in the buttonhole. He is resting one hand on a stack of books and holding a hat by his side with the other//

hiphotos548266 Genre scene: man with bushy moustache seated bathing feet of woman seated reading a book, about 1860//

hiphotos547901 Little girl seated with hand on cheek, open book in front of her, 1855-1860//

hiphotos547891 Young girl dressed as a nun with young boy wearing a cloak and three-corner hat, 1855-1860//

hiphotos547828 Book opened at two spots, one with book mark string, the other with flowers, about 1870-1880//

hiphotos547070 Louis XII Kneeling in Prayer Accompanied by Saint Michael, Saint Charlemagne, Saint Louis, and Saint Denis; Leaf from the Hours of Louis XII, 1498/1499. Additional Info:This leaf with its stirring portrait of Louis XII would originally have opened a lavish book of hours court artist Jean Bourdichon painted for him. The depiction of the king in his parade armor probably celebrates his recent coronation in 1498 and reflects an official image of the new king. Louis is presented (from left to right) by several royal saints: Saint Michael, the patron saint of the royal chivalric order; Saint Charlemagne, from whom the French kings traced their descent; Saint Louis of France, the king's namesake and his forebear on the throne; and Saint Denis, the patron of the French royal household//

hiphotos547045 The Pietà; Book of Hours, 1478. Virgin Mary with the body of Christ, and Mary Magdalen holding a jar of ointment//

hiphotos547044 Tobias and the Angel; Book of Hours, 1478. The archangel Raphael with Tobias who is holding a fish, the organs of which will later cure his father//

hiphotos547040 The Last Judgment; Book of Hours, about 1450-1455. Additional Info:The Penitential Psalms, a compilation of seven psalms united by the common theme of repentance, are introduced by a most distinctive two-page opening in this Flemish book of hours: a full-page miniature of the Last Judgment paired with a smaller miniature of King David in prayer. Christ sits on a double rainbow surrounded by Mary, Saint John the Baptist, a cardinal, a pope, two bishops, and a pair of trumpet blowing angels. Below, the twelve apostles look up while praying as the dead rise from their graves. The saved emerge from a tent in the border at the left, while the damned peer helplessly out of a tiny mouth of hell in the border at the right. The image of Christ seated in judgment provided a meditational focus for the recitation of the psalms, urging sinners to repent before death//

hiphotos547037 David in Prayer; Book of Hours, about 1450-1455. Additional Info:The theme of David in prayer often introduces the Penitential Psalms in books of hours. Not only was David traditionally identified as the author of the psalms, but he served as a model for penitence. After his adultery with Bathsheba, he was rebuked by the prophet Nathan and repented. Here he appears on his knees, speaking directly from his heart to the Lord. The repetition of the colors of green, blue, and gold, the depiction of large lilies in the borders, and the inclusion of a banderole issuing from the miniature into the border foliage matches the decorative scheme of the preceding image of the Last Judgment, producing a harmonious double-page opening//

hiphotos546981 Gathering Twigs; Calendar Miniature from a Book of Hours, about 1550. Two Flemish peasants gather sticks into bundles before a landscape of rolling hills, cottages, and a river. The trees have lost their leaves, the sky is overcast, and the men are warmly dressed; the activity of clearing away dead wood was traditionally a wintertime activity. This small cutting from the lower border of a manuscript page is one of a pair of miniatures back-to-back on a single leaf, originally serving as an illustration in the calendar section of a book of hours. The miniatures appeared at the bottom of two calendar pages that listed church holidays. Each page was devoted to a particular month, and each miniature depicts an activity associated with the month. In these miniatures, Bening showed that landscape backgrounds, with their distinctive weather conditions, could be even more evocative of a particular month than the activities themselves. Despite their small size, the scenes are as ambitious in scope and//

hiphotos546980 Villagers on Their Way to Church; Book of Hours, about 1550. Additional Info:As the local parish church prepares for services, villagers and rural peasants make their way down the path. In the distance, fields, gently rolling hills, buildings, and groves of trees give shape to the landscape. The candlelit procession inside the church, as well as the candles held by the approaching villagers, suggest the celebration of Candlemas, a church holiday observed the second of February. An earlier owner probably cut the miniature from the lower border of the calendar of a book of hours. Despite its small size, Bening's landscape achieves a monumentality associated with larger contemporary panel paintings, where the genre of landscape painting was developing along similar lines//

hiphotos546979 Saint Bernard's Vision of the Virgin and Child: miniature from a Prayer Book or a Book of Hours, about 1475-1480. Saint Bernard (1090-1153), a Cistercian monk, and renowned theologian, is depicted in prayer before the Virgin Mary and the Christ Child, both adorned with radiant halos, emphasizing their divine nature. This image portrays Bernard's plea to Mary to prove herself as the Mother of God. Remarkably, upon his request, the statue miraculously begins to lactate, confirming Mary's divine role as the Mother of God (Monstra te esse matrem). Bernard's words, in Latin, are inscribed in gold above the Virgin's head. The figures are placed in the foreground, which gives the viewer the impression that they are standing behind Bernard, as a witness to the miracle alongside the saint. The statue of the Virgin and Child seems to come to life before him, a feeling enhanced by the artist's depiction of the Christ child reaching out and grasping Bernard's staff. The overall effect is to bring the viewer as//

hiphotos546970 Saint Christopher Carrying the Christ Child; Book of Hours, about 1420. Additional Info:Saint Christopher was a man of great size and strength who devoted himself to Jesus by helping travelers cross a dangerous river. One day a child asked to ride on Christopher's shoulders across the river, but the infant seemed to grow heavier and heavier with every step. When they arrived on the opposite shore, the child identified himself as Christ, telling the holy man that he had just carried the weight of the world. Saint Christopher became one of the most popular patron saints for travelers in the Middle Ages. In the book of hours by the Spitz Master, the miniature of this scene precedes an intercessory prayer to Saint Christopher. The miniature is characterized by an intimate, even playful quality//

hiphotos546968 The Nativity; Book of Hours, about 1420. Additional Info:The Nativity miniature opens Prime of the Hours of the Virgin, the customary position for this subject in books of hours. The text begins with a verse from Psalm 69, Deus in adiutorium meu[m] intende (God, come to my assistance). The Virgin Mary and Joseph are kneeling in adoration before the baby Jesus, who is encircled by seraphim. Two shepherds humbly positioned behind a shed also kneel before the child. Above, surrounded by angels, God the Father raises his hand in blessing as rays of light fall on the child below. This holy group is contrasted with the figures worshipping a heathen idol in the distant landscape. The Spitz Master drew his basic composition from a Nativity miniature in a book of hours by the Limbourg Brothers, but he added to this the legend of the midwife Salome, who kneels behind the Virgin. She questioned the virgin birth of Jesus, and when she sought to examine Mary to test her doubts, her hands shriveled. Upon her//

hiphotos546822 The Opening of the Seventh Seal: The Distribution of Trumpets; Dyson Perrins Apocalypse, about 1255-1260. Additional Info:The opening of the seventh and final seal does not herald the end of humanity's sufferings. Instead, two angels distribute seven trumpets to seven angels. The blowing of the trumpets will bring more sorrow to those left on earth. In the miniature, the Lord sits within a mandorla on the arc of heaven poised above an orb representing the world. He blesses with his right hand while he holds a book in his left. The illuminator shows Saint John from the back, witnessing the event by looking through a door into the scene//

hiphotos546819 The Unburied Bodies of the Two Witnesses and the Rejoicing People; Dyson Perrins Apocalypse, about 1255-1260. Additional Info:Rejoicing because the witnesses who tormented them are now dead, people dance and make merry with musical instruments. Below their feet, the witnesses' bodies lie on the ground unburied and unnoticed. Two buildings connected by a high wall suggest that the scene takes place in a town, which, as the text says "is called spiritually, Sodom and Egypt." (Apocalypse 11:8) With his hand held to his cheek in a traditional gesture of mourning, Saint John observes from the left margin//

hiphotos546812 Saint John on Patmos; Dyson Perrins Apocalypse, about 1255-1260. Additional Info:According to the text of the Apocalypse, an angel visited John on Patmos. Leaning in towards him with one hand stretched out and the other grasping the apostle's shoulder, the angel tells him that he should record his visions in a book. John lies with his eyes closed and his head resting on a book, perhaps the book in which he will write. The illuminator labeled the island of Patmos as well as some of the surrounding Greek islands//

hiphotos546802 Initial D: The Trinity; Wenceslaus Psalter, about 1250-1260. Additional Info:An image of the Trinity fills the initial D that opens one of the eight major sections of psalms in the psalter. At the top of the scene and beneath an animal head, a dove representing the Holy Spirit descends towards two seated figures with crossed-nimbuses. Holding books and raising their hands in blessing, the two figures represent God the Father and Jesus Christ seated together on a bench. This presentation was inspired by the text from Psalm 109: Dixit d[omi]n[u]s domino meo: sede a dextris meis (The Lord said to my Lord: sit at my right hand//

hiphotos546797 Scenes from the Life of Joseph; Wenceslaus Psalter, about 1250-1260. Additional Info:The scenes on this page continue the story of Joseph and his brothers in Egypt begun on the facing page. The patriarch Joseph, who was sold by his brothers into slavery, has risen to a position of power in Egypt. At first unrecognized by his brothers, Joseph sends them to get their elderly father Jacob, who then makes the journey to Egypt. The reunion between Jacob and his son Joseph pictured in the roundel at the lower right completes the story. Divided into circular sections with burnished gold backgrounds, the miniature is reminiscent of the stained-glass windows of the 1200s, both in its composition and in its sparkle and brilliance//

hiphotos546702 Guardian Angel with Kneeling Man; Book of Hours, about 1460//

hiphotos546639 Ecce Homo; Christ with Angels; Book of Hours; early 16th century//

hiphotos546625 David in Prayer; Book of Hours, 1544. King David kneels to pray, with his harp on the ground before him//

hiphotos546543 The Annunciation; Book of Hours, about 1410. Additional Info:Interrupting the Virgin at her reading, the angel Gabriel kneels before Mary holding a winding scroll that displays his message that she will bear the son of God. Gabriel gestures toward God who blesses the humble Virgin from above. The entire scene is set against the glittering gold, blue and red patterned background typical of French illumination around the year 1400, and a web of vines accented with ivy leaves surrounds the miniature. This image introduces a mass for the feast of the Annunciation in this book of hours//

hiphotos546494 Wisdom; Stammheim Missal, probably 1170s. Additional Info:Within the arc of heaven, the personification of Wisdom, flanked by David and Abraham, supports God the Creator. Below her is the priest Zechariah, father of John the Baptist, and below him the patriarch Jacob. This miniature and one other develop the theme of Wisdom's role in God's creation of the world. Together with the Annunciation on the following page, these miniatures introduce the portion of the manuscript containing the chants sung by the choir at Mass. All develop the theme of the promise of Christian salvation, which was present from the time of the Creation//

hiphotos546492 The Women at the Tomb; Stammheim Missal, probably 1170s. Additional Info:The miniature of the Women at the Tomb introduces the Mass for Easter in the Stammheim Missal. In the center, two women approach the tomb, hoping to prepare their Lord's body with spices and wondering who will help them to roll the stone away. Instead they find the tomb empty, and the angel sitting atop it explains: Ih[esu]m que[m] q[ue]ritis n[on] e[st] hic s[ed] surr[exit] (Jesus whom you seek is not here but risen). On the left, the soldiers who are supposed to be guarding Jesus' tomb sleep, oblivious that Jesus has risen. On the right, Isaiah holds a scroll with an Old Testament prophecy understood to refer to Jesus' Resurrection: "His sepulchre will be glorious." At the top, God's hand descends from the clouds with a verse from Psalm 56 on the scroll: "Arise my glory." Jesus, halfway through the roof, replies with the second part of the verse: "I will arise early." At the bottom of the frame,//

hiphotos546468 Saint Bernward of Hildesheim; Stammheim Missal, probably 1170s. Additional Info:Founder and art patron of Saint Michael's abbey at Hildesheim, Saint Bernward stands within the great church he had built. An angel on the left descends to give him a cross, referring to the relic of the True Cross that Emperor Otto III gave Bernward in 993. The scroll in Bernward's right hand reading, "No danger endures before this sign," declares the apotropaic powers that the relic was believed to hold. The kneeling monk below Bernward, labeled Heinrich of Midel, opens a dialogue with his scroll: "Remember your congregation." Bernward responds with the scroll in his left hand, offering a prayer for the monastic community: "Lord, bless this house." Of the eight monks represented in the miniature, inscriptions name three: Heinrich, Gevehard, and Widikind. These three may have been monks at Saint Michael's who participated in the production of this manuscript. This miniature introduces the//

hiphotos546449 Mars (?); Zodiacal Sign of Pisces; Stammheim Missal, probably 1170s. Additional Info:As on all the calendar pages in the Stammheim Missal, a bust-length figure looks out at the viewer from the top of the page. Although he carries no identifying attributes, he may be the Roman god of war, Mars, for whom the month of March is named. With his right hand, he presents a circular diagram showing the hours of daylight and darkness in a typical day of the month. The two fish of Pisces are the zodiacal sign for the month//

hiphotos546432 Christ in Majesty; Stammheim Missal, probably 1170s. Additional Info:The two flanking, full-page miniatures of Christ in Majesty and the Crucifixion open the Canon of the Mass, during which the priest prepares bread and wine for the Eucharist. Here Christ sits within a mandorla surrounded by the four Evangelist symbols. He holds a book and raises his right hand in blessing, representing his Second Coming at the end of time. In this presentation, the artist included figures of four Old Testament prophets and patriarchs: Baruch, Jeremiah, Moses, and Daniel. Turning to look at Christ from the four corners of the miniature, they hold scrolls with words celebrating God's glory. Potestas ei[us] potest[as] et[er]n[a] (His power is everlasting power), declares Daniel's scroll on the bottom right. To enliven the monumentality and centrality of the composition, the artist arranged the subsidiary figures as counterbalances to Christ's strict frontality. While all the figures look at Christ, the prophets at the//

hiphotos546431 Initial E: An Archbishop; Stammheim Missal, probably 1170s. Additional Info:An initial E frames an archbishop with his hands extended in a gesture of prayer. Creatures clamber on the tendrils of a vine scroll within the letter//

hiphotos546310 David in Prayer; Book of Hours, about 1440-1450. King David kneels with his harp and crown on the ground before him. He raises his arms in prayer towards God who looks down from heaven//

hiphotos546144 Outer Narthex Mosaic, Church of the Holy Saviour, Istanbul, Turkey, Byzantine style, 14th century. The Miracle at Cana. When the wine ran out during the wedding feast, Christ told the servants to fill the amphoras with water which was miraculously turned to wine//

hiphotos545558 Statue of the Dean of Ripon, St. George's Hall, Liverpool, 1871. 'When the Rev. Dr. Hugh M'Neile, a well-known clergyman of the Evangelical party at Liverpool, was appointed to the Deanery of Ripon, some of his friends and admirers in Liverpool raised a subscription for a statue of him, which the Town Council allowed to be placed in St. George's Hall. Mr. G. G. Adams, sculptor, of London, was intrusted with the commission, and the manner in which he has executed his work will add to his reputation as an artist. The figure is 7 ft. high independently of the pedestal, and is executed in pure white Carrara marble. The Dean is represented standing on his right leg, the left foot a little advanced, the head erect, and looking to the front. The left hand holds an open book; the right is slightly extended, in an attitude of demonstration. The pose of the figure is one of great dignity and freedom, and the Doctor's robes are very skilfully treated. Mr. Adams has not only succeeded in avoiding all stiffness in//

hiphotos545427 Christ in Majesty, about 1460. Additional Info:Dressed in flowing robes of ocher and brilliant green, the monumental form of Christ dominates this leaf from a missal. The miniature prefaced the opening of the text for the Canon of the Mass, during which the priest prepares bread and wine for the Eucharist. The composition follows the traditional model for Christ in Majesty, with Christ seated on the arc of heaven and within a mandorla. He holds a chalice over which the host hovers, a reference to the celebration of the Eucharist. The stylized rays of light that emanate from Christ's form create a direct contrast to the subtle modeling of the folds of his robes and sensitively painted hands and face. The eagle, man, lion, and ox placed in the corners are symbols of the four evangelists, John, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, respectively. Each holds a scroll inscribed with the corresponding saint's name. This leaf is one of the finest paintings by Antoine de Lonhy, who was active in the Savoy region of France//

hiphotos545426 Initial R: The Resurrection, late 15th or early 16th century. Additional Info:A grand initial R ornaments the most elaborate page in the gradual and marks the introit for Easter, the chant sung by the choir as the priest enters the church. Within the letter, Jesus stands atop his sarcophagus, giving the priestly sign of blessing while holding a cross staff with a banner, a traditional sign of his Resurrection. Below him, several Roman guards awaken from sleep. A long vista extends into the distance to include a monastery.In the border, decorative and figural motifs derived from classical antiquity and known as grotesques delight the eye. Winged putti scamper across the backs of tritons, and Roman monumental lettering mingles with military trophies and carved cameos//

hiphotos545412 Initial G: The Stigmatization of St. Francis, about 1275. Additional info: While meditating on the Crucified Christ on Mount La Verna in Umbria, Saint Francis of Assisi became so enflamed with love and devotion that his body was transformed into the likeness of Christ. Enfolded in the wings of an angel, the Crucified Christ appeared to the saint, and his wounds (stigmata) appeared on Francis's body. In this miniature, the craggy mountain is depicted as a series of slate-colored parallel planes. From the crevices of the mountain emerge stylized trees. At the lower right, the artist has shown a number of birds in order to recall the famous story of Saint Francis preaching to the birds. This leaf comes from a gradual, the choir book that contained all of the sung portions of the mass, where it introduced the text and music for the Feast of Saint Francis. Attributed to Rinaldo da Siena//

hiphotos545410 Initial E: Saint Jerome in His Study, about 1470-1480. Additional Info:Saint Jerome, who single-handedly translated the entire Bible into Latin in the years around 400, sits at a writing desk with a quill pen in one hand and a knife (used to sharpen and erase) in the other hand. Other objects depicted associated with the making of manuscripts are an inkhorn, hanging from the top right of the chair, a candle, and a dish, probably for grinding pigments, at the top. Jerome, who is one of the four church fathers, is dressed in his cardinal's outfit. Notable in the figure of Jerome is the refinement with which his face is modeled. An uncommon feature of this miniature is the silver leaf that was used to create the saint's distinguished gray beard. Attributed to the Master of the Birago Hours//

hiphotos545404 Initial A: Young Christ Blessing, about 1467-1470. Additional Info:Christ appears in this initial as a youthful figure with round, rosy cheeks. He holds a book in his left hand and blesses with his right. The chant that follows is sung on the feast of the Epiphany, the day the three Magi visited the newborn Jesus. Depictions of Christ as an adolescent are relatively rare, and Epiphany chants are more often illustrated with scenes of the Adoration of the Magi. Here Christ appears in the guise of a young preacher who has already embraced the responsibilities of his adult life//

hiphotos545373 Philosophy Instructing Boethius on the Role of God, about 1460-1470. Additional Info:This cutting probably accompanied the final chapter of Boethius's The Consolation of Philosophy, where Boethius and Philosophy, personified as an elegant woman, discuss the nature of God. God appears above in a brilliantly colored, glowing aureole surrounded by cherubim and seraphim. This God, depicted as an elderly man, holds an orb in his left hand that symbolizes his dominion over the earth while offering a sign of blessing with his right. The text that once accompanied this image explained that, "God has foreknowledge and rests a spectator from on high. . . . the ever-present eternity of his Vision dispenses reward to the good and punishment to the bad.&quot//

hiphotos545359 Initial S: Job, cutting from a choir book, third quarter of 15th century. Additional Info: Seated on a rock with his right hand supporting his head and with cankerous sores covering his naked body, the biblical figure of Job is a study in melancholy and resignation. The sense of Job's loneliness is further enforced by his isolation in the bottom half of the initial S. As described in the Bible, Job was afflicted with the loss of his wealth, family, friends, and health, but maintained his faith in God. Despite its rather depressing subject matter, the miniature is especially beautiful in the way the curving shapes of the cave spatially reinforce the curvilinear qualities of the letter itself//

hiphotos545357 Initial S: Job, cutting from a choir book, third quarter of 15th century. Additional Info: Seated on a rock with his right hand supporting his head and with cankerous sores covering his naked body, the biblical figure of Job is a study in melancholy and resignation. The sense of Job's loneliness is further enforced by his isolation in the bottom half of the initial S. As described in the Bible, Job was afflicted with the loss of his wealth, family, friends, and health, but maintained his faith in God. Despite its rather depressing subject matter, the miniature is especially beautiful in the way the curving shapes of the cave spatially reinforce the curvilinear qualities of the letter itself//

hiphotos545353 Initial E: David Lifting up His Soul to God, about 1455-1461. Additional Info:David kneels in a mountainous landscape set against a darkened sky. He holds his harp in his left hand while raising the small white figure of his soul up to God, at upper left, with his right hand. Winged children, known as putti</em>, climb through the colorful curling vines that fill the margins of the page. This impressive leaf is the frontispiece of the first volume of an antiphonal belonging to a famous series of at least fifteen choir books commissioned by Cardinal Bessarion (about 1399/1408-1472), who was a papal representative in Bologna between 1450 and 1455, and whose coat of arms appears in the lower margin of this page//

hiphotos545341 Pagan and Christian Scholars Debating before King Avenir and Josaphat, 1469. Additional Info:Wearing a a sorcerer's hat and spectacles, the chief pagan orator of King Avenir's court argues before Christian scholars. A banner surmounted by a small horned devil appears directly above the man's head. The king, positioned on a throne to the right, is a champion of the pagans. Josaphat, for his part, sits deferentially at his father feet but faces those on the left who are arguing the Christian cause. To prevent any confusion about his true loyalty, the young prince holds up a processional cross in his right hand. King Avenir, hoping to return his son to the idolatrous fold, called for a debate between scholars from the two opposing faiths, agreeing with his son that they would both follow the religion that proved victorious in the debate. Although the debate was rigged to favor the pagans, the Christians triumphed in the end. King Avenir kept his promise and was baptized. Illustration from "Barlaam//

hiphotos545338 The Crucifixion with the Seven Wise and Seven Foolish Virgins, 1469. Illustration from "Barlaam und Josaphat", a romance in verse, by Rudolf von Ems. Follower of Hans Schilling from the Workshop of Diebold Lauber//

hiphotos545340 Josaphat Meeting a Blind Man and a Beggar, 1469. Additional Info:In this scene, Prince Josaphat rides abroad with a great entourage, encountering people with physical maladies for the first time. His horse stops just before a blind man being led by a dog. The man's closed eyes are an unmistakable clue of his blindness, yet the naïve Josaphat still raises his hand in a gesture of greeting. A lame man appears in the foreground, lifting a cup for alms. In the upper right-hand corner, a man is hanged in the gallows while another is tortured on the wheel. This scene portrays a pivotal moment in the story of Josaphat. As in the story of Prince Siddhartha (later known as the Buddha), the young privileged prince had wished to venture out from the confines of the palace. Unable to deny his son's request, King Avenir instructed a group of escorts to accompany Josaphat abroad and to protect him from the sight of the harsh realities of life, a Herculean task that proved to be impossible. The sight of illness//

hiphotos545295 Saint Michael; Prayer Book of Charles the Bold, 1469. Additional Info:Before a deep landscape of a vast river valley stretching off into the distance, Saint Michael strides into battle against a monstrous army. With his cape blowing behind him and a foot on the back of one demon, Saint Michael waves his sword overhead while fending off another demon with his shield. In the sky above, more demons fly in to attack amid storm clouds. According to the Apocalypse, Saint Michael is the archangel who will banish the devil at the end of time. At the top of the miniature, in a heavenly realm glowing with light, angels hold aloft an empty throne destined for the Messiah at the end of time. The illuminator Lieven van Lathem used the border to amplify the theme of the main scene. Here fantastic beasts frolic; similar to those in the miniature, their confrontations mimic the miniature's battle theme. Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy and a military leader, expressed his devotion to Saint Michael by including a//

hiphotos545282 Lydia Ordering the Death of Her Sons, written 1463-1465; illuminated 1467-1472. Alternative title: The Sons of Lydia Sentenced to Death. Additional info: Over a period of three years, court scribe David Aubert wrote a four-volume work in French titled Histoire de Charles Martel. It totals four thousand pages and tells the story of Charles Martel (r. 719 to 741), Charlemagne's grandfather. Late medieval knights undoubtedly enjoyed reading the adventures of such earlier heroes, and they would have drawn inspiration from Charles's exploits. Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, commissioned this enormous manuscript. Several years after Philip's death, the illumination of this extravagant undertaking had barely begun. In 1468 ducal accounts show payments to Pol Fruit of Bruges for painting the initials in the third volume. A year or so later, Philip's son and heir Duke Charles the Bold hired Loyset Liédet to paint the book's 123 miniatures. Liédet received his final payment in 1472, showing that the//

hiphotos545279 Gerard and Bertha Find Sustenance at a Hermitage, written 1463-1465; illuminated 1467-1472. Additional Info:This miniature from the History of Charles Martel illustrates events in the story of Charles's rivalry with the powerful Burgundian duke, Gerard de Roussillon. As Gerard and his wife Bertha journey to Hungary, bandits steal everything, even their horses, and leave the couple desperate. On the left, a hermit stands before his simple retreat and offers them food and lodging. On the right, the duke and his wife find a spring from which to drink//

hiphotos545278 The Coronation of Pepin, written 1463-1465; illuminated 1467-1472. Additional Info:Sitting on an elaborately upholstered throne covered with fleurs-de-lis, Charles Martel's son Pepin the Short receives his crown as king of the Franks in 751. The papal legate Boniface, in red at the left, and a pair of Frankish bishops at either side of Pepin performed the ceremony at Soissons. Among the splendidly attired nobles in attendance was "the powerful duke Henry of Metz" mentioned in the text below, probably the figure in the ermine-trimmed cape at the far right. The illuminator, Loyset Liédet, gave the scene the look of a coronation of his own time rather than of seven hundred years earlier. The pageantry would have held a special appeal for an aristocratic, late medieval viewer//

hiphotos545247 Initial T: The Agony in the Garden; Collegium Ducale, about 1420-1430. Additional Info:Jesus kneels in prayer and partially obscures the initial T that opens the Canon of the Mass with the words Te igitur clementissime pater ( You, therefore, most merciful Father). After the Last Supper, Jesus prayed to God in the Garden of Gethsemane, expressing his fear over the sacrifice he was about to make for the salvation of humanity. The illuminator set Jesus totally alone against a dark ground, perhaps to emphasize his human frailty. The blessing hand of God appears in the right corner to assure Jesus of the Lord's guidance during the difficult moments that would come during his arrest, torture, and Crucifixion//

hiphotos545212 Christ in Majesty; Initial A: A Man Lifting His Soul to God, between about 1389 and 1400. Additional Info:In Cosimo de' Migliorati's missal, the illuminator gave special prominence to the page for the first mass of the church year, said on the first Sunday in Advent. In the miniature of Christ in Majesty, Christ appears in a mandorla surrounded by a multitude of worshippers both male and female and prophets with their scrolls. The use of gold for the decorative acanthus swirls in the background, the halos, and the rays surrounding Christ reinforces the majestic tone. In the initial below the miniature, a bearded man offers his soul in the form of a small, naked figure to Christ above//

hiphotos545204 The Temperate and the Intemperate, about 1475-1480. Additional Info: In a spacious dining hall, Valerius, dressed in blue on the left, instructs the Emperor Tiberius, to whom he dedicated his book, on the value of temperance. Valerius points out the joyous and intemperate peasants at the front table, who cavort wildly, drink, fall down, and sleep. In contrast, the nobles in the back are models of temperance: evenly spaced at the orderly table, their bodies rigid, they eat with great sobriety. Through this contrast the illuminator suggested that nobles are inherently more temperate, an interpretation that does not derive from the text. Yet in the hands of the witty Master of the Dresden Prayer Book, the bad example of the pleasure-loving peasants is easily the more endearing one. 'The Memorable Deeds and Sayings of the Romans', a compilation of stories about ancient customs and heroes written in the first century A.D. by Valerius Maximus, was widely used in the Middle Ages as a textbook for rhetoric.//

hiphotos545178 Saint Ambrose baptising Saint Augustine, Cutting from a Choir Book, about 1430. Additional Info:Saint Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, baptizes the adult Saint Augustine as he kneels on the rose and green marble floor of a church. Augustine's mother, Saint Monica, watches the event from the right. The illuminator almost certainly made this lively, colorful miniature for a choir book belonging to a congregation of Augustinian priests in Siena. The initial probably introduced the chants for a feast associated with Saint Augustine or Saint Monica. Scholars have not been able to establish a more precise identification, though they have associated it with other cuttings believed to be from the same manuscript//

hiphotos545135 The Denial of Saint Peter; Prayer Book of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, about 1525-1530. Additional Info: Set in an eerily lit hall, it captures the climactic moment retold in the Gospel of Matthew, when Peter utters a third denial of his acquaintance with Jesus to a servant girl. She points to the right, where Jesus is being led away through the doorway. Shown on the left, Peter's expression reveals the depth of his agony as he realizes that Jesus' prophecy that he would deny Jesus "before the cock crows" has come true. The cock, with open beak, stands in the cupboard on the right. The intense glow of the fire in the center of the hall casts a naturalistic but also dramatic light on the scene, silhouetting a soldier standing between the viewer and the fire//

hiphotos545126 The Entombment; Prayer Book of Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, about 1525-1530. Additional Info:In this miniature, presented as though seen through the frame of an arched doorway, Christ's family and friends say their final goodbyes and place Christ's body in a tomb. Sadness fills the scene, evident not only in the faces of the mourners but also in the gray tones of the gloomy gothic structure. The stormy skies in the border of the facing page reinforce the somber effect. The tenderness with which the mourners treat Christ's body evokes a sympathetic response in the viewer. Devotional treatises of the period would have asked the reader to imagine the kind of details seen in the miniature: the man on the left lowering Christ's legs into the tomb, the woman behind him who kisses his hand one last time, and Saint John comforting the Virgin//

hiphotos544959 Saint John the Evangelist surrounded by Seven Angels, about 1340-1350. Additional Info:Pictured at center is Saint John the Evangelist, believed to be the author of the fourth Gospel and the Book of Revelations (also known as the Apocalypse, or his visions of the end of the world.) He is surrounded by angels representing the Seven Churches meant to receive his prophetic writings. Rather than appearing to hold still, each of the seven angels sways and gestures differently, creating a sense of animated movement throughout. The tradition of German Gothic illumination is evident in the subtle and restrained palette coupled with the elegantly draped figures//