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XJF273159
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FLO7234650 Black jaguar or black panther, Fanthera onca, with skull. Melanistic variant of the jaguar. (Felis discolor.) A specimen was exhibited in George Wombwell's Menagerie. Handcoloured steel engraving by Joseph Kidd after an illustration by Alexander Forbes from William Rhind’s The Miscellany of Natural History: Feline Species, edited by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Fraser & Co., Edinburgh, Scotland, 1834.
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PIX4664378 Thylacosmilus - Thylacosmilus atrox etait un grand predateur a dents de sabre proche des marsupiaux, de la taille d'un jaguar et pesant pres de 100 kilos, qui a vecu pendant environ 30 millions d'annees jusqu'il y a trois millions d'annees. About the size of a jaguar, the bizarre looking Pliocene Argentinian marsupial carnivore, Thylacosmilus atrox, is a superb example of the the concept of convergent evolution -- descendents of unrelated organisms presumably under similar selection pressures ""converging"" on each other in form over time. Its skull looks remarkably like those of placental sabre-toothed cats, to which it was only distantly related. Key differences, however, did exist (e.g. long, rudder-like extensions of the chin protected the extremely long, dagger-like teeth)
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PRX11861263 The plate shows various carnivores classified as "Springer" (leapers), including an ichneumon, civet cat, palm civet and fennec fox with its characteristically large ears. In the lower part are an aardwolf, hyena and jaguar. Anatomical skull details and dentition illustrate taxonomically important features. By F. Eupepin sc. From Abbildungen zu Okens allgemeiner Naturgeschichte für alle Stände. Stuttgart, Hoffmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1843. [Ichneumon, Herpestes ichneumon, civet cat, Viverra, palm civet, Paradoxurus, fennec fox, Vulpes zerda, aardwolf, Proteles cristata, hyena, Hyaenidae, jaguar, Panthera onca, carnivores, Carnivora, mammals, comparative anatomy, natural history, 19th century]
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BDL9030946 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 6. Starting at bottom (following from p. 4). Band v (left to right). [Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed had three sons. In the year 6 Flint (992) was born Lord 10 Flower, 'Jaguar with burnt face'. Later followed Lord 13 Eagle 'Precious Jaguar' and Lord 3 Water 'White Arrow'. Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed arranged a marriage for their first born son, establishing an alliance with the ruling couple of Chiyo Yuhu, known today by its Aztec name as Suchixtlan. Thus in the year 1 House (1013), on the day 1 Eagle, Lord 10 Flower, the son of Lord 9 Wind 'Stone Skull' and Lady 5 Reed, at the age of twenty or twenty-one, was engaged to be married to Lady 2 Serpent 'Plummed Serpent'.] She was a princess of Chiyo Yuhu, daughter of Lord 8 Wind 'Twenty Eagles' and Lady 10 Deer. From this marriage, seven children were born. 1) Lord 12 Lizard 'Arrow Feet', 2) Lord 10 Eagle 'Stone Jaguar', who married Lady 9 Wind 'Flint Garment' from neighbouring Añute. Band iv (right to left). 3) Lady 12 Jaguar 'Jewelled Obverse. Book I. Starting at bottom (following from p. 4). Band v (left to right). Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed had three sons. In the year 6 Flint (992) was born Lord 10 Flower, 'Jaguar with burnt face'. Later followed Lord 13 Eagle 'Precious Jaguar' and Lord 3 Water 'White Arrow'. Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed arranged a marriage for their first born son, establishing an alliance with the ruling couple of Chiyo Yuhu, known today by its Aztec name as Suchixtlan. Thus in the year 1 House (1013), on the day 1 Eagle, Lord 10 Flower, the son of Lord 9 Wind 'Stone Skull' and Lady 5 Reed, at the age of twenty or twenty-one, was engaged to be married to Lady 2 Serpent 'Plummed Serpent'. [She was a princess of Chiyo Yuhu, daughter of Lord 8 Wind 'Twenty Eagles' and Lady 10 Deer. From this marriage, seven children were born. 1) Lord 12 Lizard 'Arrow Feet', 2) Lord 10 Eagle 'Stone Jaguar', who married Lady 9 Wind 'Flint Garment' from neighbouring Añute. Band iv (right to left). 3) Lady 12 Jaguar 'Jewelled Spiderweb', who married Lord 10 Reed from the Yahua (Tamazola) dynasty, and ruler of StaffTown (probably Yucu Tatnu/Topiltepec), 4) Lady 6 Grass 'Transparent Butterfly', who married Lord 10 Reed 'Precious Jaguar' from Torch Mountain (possibly Yucu Quesi/Tataltepec), 5) Lady 4 Rabbit 'Precious Quetzal', [who married Lord 10 Flower 'Bow Tail' from Dark Specked Mountain, 6) Lady 7 Flower 'Jewel of the Town', who apprently did not marry, 7) Lady 7 Reed 'Jewel Flower', who married Lord 13 Death 'Setting Sun' from Head Town. Band iii (left to right). The first born, Lord 12 Lizard 'Arrow Feet', married his nieces, Lady 4 Flint 'Quetzal Feather Face' and Lady 4 Alligator 'Jewel Face', both daughters of his sister, Lady 12 Jaguar 'Jewelled Spiderweb', and her husband Lord 10 Reed, rulers of StaffTown. This family marriage was probably motivated by the wish to bring the divided heritage back together. The first of Lord 12 Lizard's children was Lord 5 Movement 'Smoke of Heaven'. He married first a princess of Añute, Lady 4 Death 'Jewel of the People'.] She belonged to the Ñuu Tnoo royal family through her father, Lord 10 Eagle, who was the younger brother of the Ñuu Tnoo ruler Lord 10 Flower, and consequently an uncle of Lord 12 Lizard. Lord 5 Movement's brothers and sisters were: 1) Lord 12 Water 'Sky Jaguar', 2) Lady 3 Movement 'Fan of the Earth', who married Lord 8 Serpent 'Serpent in Flames' from River, 3) Lady 1 Flint 'Jewel Face', who married Lord 6 Movement 'Precious Bone', a son of Lord 8 Wind of Chiyo Yuhu (Suchixtlan). Band ii (right to left). Ñuu Tnoo's crown prince Lord 5 Movement 'Smoke of Heaven' remarried, this time to a princess from Lord 8 Wind's Circle, Lady 2 Grass 'Precious Quetzal', who came from the community of Visible Stones, belonging to Chiyo Yuhu. Apparently, he never ruled Ñuu Tnoo, but stood under the influence of the ruling family of Chiyo Yuhu. [In the year 11 Reed (1075), Lady 2 Grass was close to giving birth to her first son. On the day 9 Reed a vision appeared in an obsidian mirror: a birth was announced, and an umbilical cord was seen, connected to 9 Reed (bottom right corner of this band on this page, under 11 Reed date sign). This was the day of the Goddess who was the Power of the Arrowhead of the Volcanic Glass (obsidian). The vision stated that the child was going to be dedicated to that goddess, to be under her spell and supervision. Six days later, the child foreseen in the mirror was born: Lord 2 Rain 'Twenty Jaguars' (Ocoñana; note number 20 given by 20 black dots along the figure). He was heir to the throne of Ñuu Tnoo, but another manuscript (Codex Tonindeye/Nuttall) shows that Lord 8 Wind of Chiyo Yuhu had him put under the watchful eyes of his warriors. In the year 6 Flint (1096), Prince 2 Rain 'Twenty Jaguars' reached the age of 21. On 1 Flint, the day before the day of his calendar name, he had an important conversation with Lord 10 Rabbit 'Blood Jaguar' (words represented by curving lines coming out of their mouth). Other manuscripts show that this man was a grandson of the mighty Lord 8 Wind of Chiyo Yuhu (presumably deceased by now). As such he was a second cousin to Lord 2 Rain's father and would have been respected as an uncle by Lord 2 Rain hiCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MSelf. The subject of the conversation between the two men is not made explicit, but in view of their age and family relationship, it is probable that the elder man gave counsel and instructions to the prince. They had a second conversation on the day 12 Water (Lord 2 Rain depicted at far left of this band beside day sign, and Lord 10 Rabbit at beginning of band i). Band i (left to right). Then, on the day 7 Movement, the last day of the twenty-day period that had started on 1 Flint, Lord 2 Rain spoke with two priests: one in a white priestly tunic with black dots, the other an old man with a red tunic. The first was the priest in charge of the sacred Arrow, and the second was the one with the title 'Smoke' or 'Cloud'. Both were members of the Supreme Council of Four that assisted the ruler of Ñuu Tnoo. Lord 2 Rain engaged in a ritual activity, probably aimed at claiming his rightful position as ruler of Ñuu Tnoo. His body is painted black with a hallucinogenic ointment and his eyes are closed; apparently, he had entered the priestly trance. In one hand he holds a perforator for blood-letting; in the other, he grasps an arrow, directing the point towards his chest. This is probably the Sacred Arrow, the War-Spirit of Ñuu Tnoo.] Still in a trance, the prince made a blood offering to the Divine Lord 7 Vulture in Serpent River, the place of a Sacred Tree. From here, he went on a 'road of knife and star' to heaven, i.e. he died during his shamanic journey. This was the end of the first dynasty. In order to understand the further political development, it is important to focus on another important person necessitating a return in time. Lord 13 Dog 'White Eagle, Venus' and Lady 1 Vulture 'Rain Skirt' had founded a noble house at 'River, Black Mountain, Curved Jaguar Mountain', possibly nearby Ayuta, 'Place of the River'. Codex Tonindeye (Nuttal reveals that Lady 1 Vulture belonged to the dynasty of another neighbouring settlement: Ñuu Ñañu, the old fortress of Yahua (Tamazola). This couple had one son: Lord 5 Alligator 'Rain Sun' (depicted to the right).
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BDL9030943 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 3. Obverse. Book I. Starting at top (following from p. 2). Band i (left to right). The son of Lord 10 Movement 'Arrow' and Lady 1 Rabbit 'Shield', Lord 4 Rabbit 'Jaguar That Carries One Alligator in his Breast', married Lady 1 Vulture 'Cloud Jewel', the daughter of Lady 1 Death and Lord 4 Alligator, whose birth was mentioned on p. 1-iii. Three daughters were born to this couple: Lady 5 Reed 'Rain Garment from Monte Albán', Lady 10 Alligator 'War Jewel', and Lady 5 (here 4) Jaguar 'Quetzal Fan'. [The second daughter, Lady 10 Alligator was sent to the Mountain of Pearls, probably Nuu Siya (Tezoatlan), where she married Lord 9 Deer 'Jade Bone, Flute', the son of Lord 7 Movement 'Face of the Earth' and Lady 12 Serpent 'Blood Knife', the rulers of Town of the Red and White Bundle. They had a son: Lord 12 Lizard 'Arrow Feet'. Band ii (right to left). He was to marry his aunt, Lady 5 Jaguar 'Quetzal Fan', the above-mentioned third daughter of Lord 4 Rabbit and Lady 1 Vulture of Monte Albán. This new marital alliance would take the place of the former governmental structure of Monte Albán, the dynasty associated with the sacred date year 1 Rabbit day 1 Rabbit.] Before, the site had been the seat of a dual rulership: Lord 12 Lizard 'Standing Firm on Big Mountain' and Lord 12 Vulture 'Quetzal Feather from Sun Mountain'. They are represented here as a couple, as 'father and mother of the people', seated on the mat of marriage and rulership. They had four 'sons', i.e. they were assisted by four governors. These were called Lord 4 House 'Staff of Strokes', Lord 3 Monkey 'Burner of the Pyramids', Lord 10 Alligator 'Eagle' and Lord 10 Eagle 'Coyote'. Band iii (left to right). They all died in an armed conflict, described as 'the war that came from Heaven', which marked the end of the last remains of the realm of Monte Albán and the political structure of the so-called 'Classic Period' (approximately 200-900 AD). Year 12 Flint day 4 Movement, the day of the 'new sun' or 'new era', was the date of the official funerary solemnity. Lord 4 House and Lord 3 Monkey, who had both been slain in battle, were buried in the Place of Heaven, the mountain near Yuta Tnoho (Apoala), which symbolises the East. The mummy bundle of Lord 10 Eagle was deposited in the River of Ashes, Rio Nejapa, the western boundary of Ñuu Dzaui. The mummy bundle of Lord 10 Alligator was put to rest [in the Split Dark Mountain, near Tepeji, the emblematic site of the North. The remains of Lord 12 Lizard and Lord 12 Vulture theCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MSelves were buried in the Temple of Death, a large and important funerary cave in the Mountain of Small Deer, in the region of Ñuu Daya (Chalcatongo), which symbolises the South and stands under the supervision of the Death Goddess Lady 9 Grass, a deity of war. Until the day 12 Eagle or the year 6 Reed, commemorative rituals were celebrated in this Temple of Death. Band iv (right to left). Year 10 House day 1 Grass was the sacred date of Lord 10 House 'Jaguar' and Lady 1 Grass Puma', divine patrons of the Yute Coo, 'Serpent River', near Ñuu Tnoo. From this Primordial Couple descended Lord 3 Eagle 'Eagle from the Serpent Place'. He married Lady 4 Rabbit 'Garment (Virtue) of Death Town'. Her name suggests that she came from the nearby Town of Death, Dzandaya (Mitlatongo).] Lord 3 Eagle and Lord 4 Rabbit had two sons: Lord 9 Wind 'Stone Skull' and Lord 1 Monkey. The latter became the founding father of the Dzandaya (Mitlatongo) dynasty. In front of him is the Skull Mountain, which appears to represent Dzandaya. Several other places follow. Band v (left to right). Both brothers were recognised as local rulers: three priests -Lord 1 Rain, Lord 10 Death 'Cloud' and Lord 4 Dog 'Serpent-Maguey'- offered them fire, quails, and branches. [Lord 9 Wind 'Stone Skull' then married Lady 5 Reed, one of the three princesses of Monte Albán, whose genealogical background is explained on p. 3-i. Together, they became the rulers of Ñuu Tnoo. The year of the marriage was 4 Rabbit (990).]
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BDL9030944 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 4. Obverse. Book I. Starting at top (following from p. 2). Band i (left to right). [The son of Lord 10 Movement 'Arrow' and Lady 1 Rabbit 'Shield', Lord 4 Rabbit 'Jaguar That Carries One Alligator in his Breast', married Lady 1 Vulture 'Cloud Jewel', the daughter of Lady 1 Death and Lord 4 Alligator, whose birth was mentioned on p. 1-iii. Three daughters were born to this couple: Lady 5 Reed 'Rain Garment from Monte Albán', Lady 10 Alligator 'War Jewel', and Lady 5 (here 4) Jaguar 'Quetzal Fan'.] The second daughter, Lady 10 Alligator was sent to the Mountain of Pearls, probably Nuu Siya (Tezoatlan), where she married Lord 9 Deer 'Jade Bone, Flute', the son of Lord 7 Movement 'Face of the Earth' and Lady 12 Serpent 'Blood Knife', the rulers of Town of the Red and White Bundle. They had a son: Lord 12 Lizard 'Arrow Feet'. Band ii (right to left). He was to marry his aunt, Lady 5 Jaguar 'Quetzal Fan', the above-mentioned third daughter of Lord 4 Rabbit and Lady 1 Vulture of Monte Albán. This new marital alliance would take the place of the former governmental structure of Monte Albán, the dynasty associated with the sacred date year 1 Rabbit day 1 Rabbit. [Before, the site had been the seat of a dual rulership: Lord 12 Lizard 'Standing Firm on Big Mountain' and Lord 12 Vulture 'Quetzal Feather from Sun Mountain'. They are represented here as a couple, as 'father and mother of the people', seated on the mat of marriage and rulership. They had four 'sons', i.e. they were assisted by four governors. These were called Lord 4 House 'Staff of Strokes', Lord 3 Monkey 'Burner of the Pyramids', Lord 10 Alligator 'Eagle' and Lord 10 Eagle 'Coyote'. Band iii (left to right). They all died in an armed conflict, described as 'the war that came from Heaven', which marked the end of the last remains of the realm of Monte Albán and the political structure of the so-called 'Classic Period' (approximately 200-900 AD). Year 12 Flint day 4 Movement, the day of the 'new sun' or 'new era', was the date of the official funerary solemnity. Lord 4 House and Lord 3 Monkey, who had both been slain in battle, were buried in the Place of Heaven, the mountain near Yuta Tnoho (Apoala), which symbolises the East. The mummy bundle of Lord 10 Eagle was deposited in the River of Ashes, Rio Nejapa, the western boundary of Ñuu Dzaui. The mummy bundle of Lord 10 Alligator was put to rest] in the Split Dark Mountain, near Tepeji, the emblematic site of the North. The remains of Lord 12 Lizard and Lord 12 Vulture theCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MSelves were buried in the Temple of Death, a large and important funerary cave in the Mountain of Small Deer, in the region of Ñuu Daya (Chalcatongo), which symbolises the South and stands under the supervision of the Death Goddess Lady 9 Grass, a deity of war. Until the day 12 Eagle or the year 6 Reed, commemorative rituals were celebrated in this Temple of Death. Band iv (right to left). Year 10 House day 1 Grass was the sacred date of Lord 10 House 'Jaguar' and Lady 1 Grass Puma', divine patrons of the Yute Coo, 'Serpent River', near Ñuu Tnoo. From this Primordial Couple descended Lord 3 Eagle 'Eagle from the Serpent Place'. He married Lady 4 Rabbit 'Garment (Virtue) of Death Town'. Her name suggests that she came from the nearby Town of Death, Dzandaya (Mitlatongo). [Lord 3 Eagle and Lord 4 Rabbit had two sons: Lord 9 Wind 'Stone Skull' and Lord 1 Monkey. The latter became the founding father of the Dzandaya (Mitlatongo) dynasty. In front of him is the Skull Mountain, which appears to represent Dzandaya. Several other places follow. Band v (left to right). Both brothers were recognised as local rulers: three priests -Lord 1 Rain, Lord 10 Death 'Cloud' and Lord 4 Dog 'Serpent-Maguey'- offered them fire, quails, and branches.] Lord 9 Wind 'Stone Skull' then married Lady 5 Reed, one of the three princesses of Monte Albán, whose genealogical background is explained on p. 3-i. Together, they became the rulers of Ñuu Tnoo. The year of the marriage was 4 Rabbit (990).
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BDL9030945 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 5. Obverse. Book I. Starting at bottom (following from p. 4). Band v (left to right). Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed had three sons. In the year 6 Flint (992) was born Lord 10 Flower, 'Jaguar with burnt face'. Later followed Lord 13 Eagle 'Precious Jaguar' and Lord 3 Water 'White Arrow'. Lord 9 Wind and Lady 5 Reed arranged a marriage for their first born son, establishing an alliance with the ruling couple of Chiyo Yuhu, known today by its Aztec name as Suchixtlan. Thus in the year 1 House (1013), on the day 1 Eagle, Lord 10 Flower, the son of Lord 9 Wind 'Stone Skull' and Lady 5 Reed, at the age of twenty or twenty-one, was engaged to be married to Lady 2 Serpent 'Plummed Serpent'. [She was a princess of Chiyo Yuhu, daughter of Lord 8 Wind 'Twenty Eagles' and Lady 10 Deer. From this marriage, seven children were born. 1) Lord 12 Lizard 'Arrow Feet', 2) Lord 10 Eagle 'Stone Jaguar', who married Lady 9 Wind 'Flint Garment' from neighbouring Añute. Band iv (right to left). 3) Lady 12 Jaguar 'Jewelled Spiderweb', who married Lord 10 Reed from the Yahua (Tamazola) dynasty, and ruler of StaffTown (probably Yucu Tatnu/Topiltepec), 4) Lady 6 Grass 'Transparent Butterfly', who married Lord 10 Reed 'Precious Jaguar' from Torch Mountain (possibly Yucu Quesi/Tataltepec), 5) Lady 4 Rabbit 'Precious Quetzal',] who married Lord 10 Flower 'Bow Tail' from Dark Specked Mountain, 6) Lady 7 Flower 'Jewel of the Town', who apprently did not marry, 7) Lady 7 Reed 'Jewel Flower', who married Lord 13 Death 'Setting Sun' from Head Town. Band iii (left to right). The first born, Lord 12 Lizard 'Arrow Feet', married his nieces, Lady 4 Flint 'Quetzal Feather Face' and Lady 4 Alligator 'Jewel Face', both daughters of his sister, Lady 12 Jaguar 'Jewelled Spiderweb', and her husband Lord 10 Reed, rulers of StaffTown. This family marriage was probably motivated by the wish to bring the divided heritage back together. The first of Lord 12 Lizard's children was Lord 5 Movement 'Smoke of Heaven'. He married first a princess of Añute, Lady 4 Death 'Jewel of the People'. [She belonged to the Ñuu Tnoo royal family through her father, Lord 10 Eagle, who was the younger brother of the Ñuu Tnoo ruler Lord 10 Flower, and consequently an uncle of Lord 12 Lizard. Lord 5 Movement's brothers and sisters were: 1) Lord 12 Water 'Sky Jaguar', 2) Lady 3 Movement 'Fan of the Earth', who married Lord 8 Serpent 'Serpent in Flames' from River, 3) Lady 1 Flint 'Jewel Face', who married Lord 6 Movement 'Precious Bone', a son of Lord 8 Wind of Chiyo Yuhu (Suchixtlan). Band ii (right to left). Ñuu Tnoo's crown prince Lord 5 Movement 'Smoke of Heaven' remarried, this time to a princess from Lord 8 Wind's Circle, Lady 2 Grass 'Precious Quetzal', who came from the community of Visible Stones, belonging to Chiyo Yuhu. Apparently, he never ruled Ñuu Tnoo, but stood under the influence of the ruling family of Chiyo Yuhu.] In the year 11 Reed (1075), Lady 2 Grass was close to giving birth to her first son. On the day 9 Reed a vision appeared in an obsidian mirror: a birth was announced, and an umbilical cord was seen, connected to 9 Reed (bottom right corner of this band on this page, under 11 Reed date sign). This was the day of the Goddess who was the Power of the Arrowhead of the Volcanic Glass (obsidian). The vision stated that the child was going to be dedicated to that goddess, to be under her spell and supervision. Six days later, the child foreseen in the mirror was born: Lord 2 Rain 'Twenty Jaguars' (Ocoñana; note number 20 given by 20 black dots along the figure). He was heir to the throne of Ñuu Tnoo, but another manuscript (Codex Tonindeye/Nuttall) shows that Lord 8 Wind of Chiyo Yuhu had him put under the watchful eyes of his warriors. In the year 6 Flint (1096), Prince 2 Rain 'Twenty Jaguars' reached the age of 21. On 1 Flint, the day before the day of his calendar name, he had an important conversation with Lord 10 Rabbit 'Blood Jaguar' (words represented by curving lines coming out of their mouth). Other manuscripts show that this man was a grandson of the mighty Lord 8 Wind of Chiyo Yuhu (presumably deceased by now). As such he was a second cousin to Lord 2 Rain's father and would have been respected as an uncle by Lord 2 Rain hiCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MSelf. The subject of the conversation between the two men is not made explicit, but in view of their age and family relationship, it is probable that the elder man gave counsel and instructions to the prince. They had a second conversation on the day 12 Water (Lord 2 Rain depicted at far left of this band beside day sign, and Lord 10 Rabbit at beginning of band i). Band i (left to right). Then, on the day 7 Movement, the last day of the twenty-day period that had started on 1 Flint, Lord 2 Rain spoke with two priests: one in a white priestly tunic with black dots, the other an old man with a red tunic. The first was the priest in charge of the sacred Arrow, and the second was the one with the title 'Smoke' or 'Cloud'. Both were members of the Supreme Council of Four that assisted the ruler of Ñuu Tnoo. Lord 2 Rain engaged in a ritual activity, probably aimed at claiming his rightful position as ruler of Ñuu Tnoo. His body is painted black with a hallucinogenic ointment and his eyes are closed; apparently, he had entered the priestly trance. In one hand he holds a perforator for blood-letting; in the other, he grasps an arrow, directing the point towards his chest. This is probably the Sacred Arrow, the War-Spirit of Ñuu Tnoo. [Still in a trance, the prince made a blood offering to the Divine Lord 7 Vulture in Serpent River, the place of a Sacred Tree. From here, he went on a 'road of knife and star' to heaven, i.e. he died during his shamanic journey. This was the end of the first dynasty. In order to understand the further political development, it is important to focus on another important person necessitating a return in time. Lord 13 Dog 'White Eagle, Venus' and Lady 1 Vulture 'Rain Skirt' had founded a noble house at 'River, Black Mountain, Curved Jaguar Mountain', possibly nearby Ayuta, 'Place of the River'. Codex Tonindeye (Nuttal reveals that Lady 1 Vulture belonged to the dynasty of another neighbouring settlement: Ñuu Ñañu, the old fortress of Yahua (Tamazola). This couple had one son: Lord 5 Alligator 'Rain Sun' (depicted to the right).]
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BDL9030941 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 1. Obverse. Book I. Starting at bottom. Band v (left to right; very damaged, some disappearing scenes were reconstructed thanks to coloured drawings made in the 19th century for Antiquities of Mexico, ed. by Lord Kingsborough, London 1830-48). Three dates, too damaged to reconstruct refer to sacred time of origin. Pochote (or thorny ceiba tree) with flames above (expressing its sacredness). From this tree was born Lady 1 Death 'Sun Fan'. She was protected by two powerful spirits, Lord 4 Alligator 'Coyote Serpent' and [Lord 11 Alligator 'Jaguar Serpent'. All went to an important shrine on the Mountain of Heaven, near the village of Yuta Tnoho (Apoala). The axe next to the sign for heaven helps to identify the place as Cavua ('rock') Caa ('which rises into' or 'where is stretched out') Andevui ('heaven'), a dominant peak east of the village. Lord 4 Alligator 'Coyote Serpent' and Lord 11 Alligator 'Jaguar Serpent' offered precious gifts to a priest of Lord 4 Serpent-7 Serpent, the Patron deity of Ñuu Tnoo, who in turn spoke to them and gave them tobacco, a priest's tunic, jade and quetzal feathers. Band iv (right to left). As a result of this interaction, in the year 5 Reed (939), on the day 6 Alligator (date appears at end of band v), both lords instructed Lady 1 Death to leave the Place of Heaven. Before we hear where she went, a new lineage is introduced, associated with the sacred date year 5 Flint day 7 Flower', 'when the first day was born from earth', i.e. at the dawn of time.] The date actually consists of a combination of calendar names of the founding couple then depicted on p. 1: Lord 5 Flint 'Jaguar from the Tree' and Lady 7 Flower 'White Flower', ruling at Temple of Pearls, the Temple of Earthquakes. Their son was Lord 4 Alligator 'Blood Eagle', born in the Land of the Rain God, Ñuu Dzaui. Band iii (left to right). It was with him that Lady 1 Death contracted matrimony on the day 6 Jaguar, eve of the ritually important day 7 Eagle, of the year 6 Flint (940). They had one daughter: Lady 1 Vulture 'Cloud Jewel'. Then the nine other leading couples of the region came together to found the village-state of Ñuu Tnoo. 1) Lord 5 Serpent 'Performer of Self-Sacrifice for the Earth' and Lady 8 Flower 'Blood of the Town of Darkness', ruled the Place of Ceremonies in Ñuu Tnoo. [2)Lord 10 Dog 'War Foot' and Lady 8 Grass 'Cloud of Ñuu Dzaui' ruled the Place Where the Sacred Arrow is Kept. 3) Lord 6 Movement 'Arrow' and Lady 9 House 'Sacred Seed of the Cave' were seated in the Cave of Clouds or the Cave of the Spring and the Tree. Its sacred date was year 7 Flint, day 9 House. Band ii (right to left). 4) The son of Lord 6 Movement and lady 9 House, Lord 5 Reed 'Born in War', married Lady 1 Flint 'Fire Serpent Jewel', the daughter of Lord 4 Rain 'Down-ball Quetzal' and Lady 7 Flower 'Eagle Wing', who ruled Stone of the Red and White Bundle. 5) the daughter of Lord 5 Reed and Lady 1 Flint was Lady 7 Death 'Fire Fan'. She married Lord 3 Rain 'Staff of Marks in the Ballcourt', ruler of Añute (Jaltepec).] Lord 4 Flower married Lady 3 Rain (not mentioned in Jansen and Perez Jimenez publication-surnames to be defined). 6) Lord 10 Flint 'Skull' from the ancient Dark Altar married Lady 8 Death 'Quetzal, Performing Self-Sacrifice for the Earth'. Band i (left to right). 7) In Temple of the Plant ruled Lord 7 Flower 'Jaguar, Mountain Bird' and Lady 5 Flint 'Cave Lady'. 8) Lord 10 Movement 'Flower Shield' and Lady 1 Movement 'Quetzal ruled Valley of Mud. [9) Lord 4 Lizard 'Serpent that Carries the Sky' and Lady 8 House 'Visible on Earth' ruled Town of the Drum. Apparently Lord 4 Alligator had succeeded in bringing their lineages together and so integrated the power base of what was to become the kingdom of Ñuu Tnoo. Another important political factor was the ancient Zapotec capital of Monte Albán, the ruins of which are situated in a mountain near the city of Oaxaca. Its main sign, the 'mountain that is opened or torn', is to be read as Yucu Cahnu, 'Big Mountain'. It was a place of altars and vessels, a place of origin. Here ruled Lord 10 Movement 'Arrow' and Lady 1 Rabbit 'Shield'. Its sacred date was 1 Rabbit day 1 Rabbit.]
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BDL9030942 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 2. Obverse. Book I. Starting at bottom. [Band v (left to right; very damaged, some disappearing scenes were reconstructed thanks to coloured drawings made in the 19th century for Antiquities of Mexico, ed. by Lord Kingsborough, London 1830-48). Three dates, too damaged to reconstruct refer to sacred time of origin. Pochote (or thorny ceiba tree) with flames above (expressing its sacredness). From this tree was born Lady 1 Death 'Sun Fan'. She was protected by two powerful spirits, Lord 4 Alligator 'Coyote Serpent' and] Lord 11 Alligator 'Jaguar Serpent'. All went to an important shrine on the Mountain of Heaven, near the village of Yuta Tnoho (Apoala). The axe next to the sign for heaven helps to identify the place as Cavua ('rock') Caa ('which rises into' or 'where is stretched out') Andevui ('heaven'), a dominant peak east of the village. Lord 4 Alligator 'Coyote Serpent' and Lord 11 Alligator 'Jaguar Serpent' offered precious gifts to a priest of Lord 4 Serpent-7 Serpent, the Patron deity of Ñuu Tnoo, who in turn spoke to them and gave them tobacco, a priest's tunic, jade and quetzal feathers. Band iv (right to left). As a result of this interaction, in the year 5 Reed (939), on the day 6 Alligator (date appears at end of band v), both lords instructed Lady 1 Death to leave the Place of Heaven. Before we hear where she went, a new lineage is introduced, associated with the sacred date year 5 Flint day 7 Flower', 'when the first day was born from earth', i.e. at the dawn of time.[The date actually consists of a combination of calendar names of the founding couple then depicted on p. 1: Lord 5 Flint 'Jaguar from the Tree' and Lady 7 Flower 'White Flower', ruling at Temple of Pearls, the Temple of Earthquakes. Their son was Lord 4 Alligator 'Blood Eagle', born in the Land of the Rain God, Ñuu Dzaui. Band iii (left to right). It was with him that Lady 1 Death contracted matrimony on the day 6 Jaguar, eve of the ritually important day 7 Eagle, of the year 6 Flint (940). They had one daughter: Lady 1 Vulture 'Cloud Jewel'. Then the nine other leading couples of the region came together to found the village-state of Ñuu Tnoo. 1) Lord 5 Serpent 'Performer of Self-Sacrifice for the Earth' and Lady 8 Flower 'Blood of the Town of Darkness', ruled the Place of Ceremonies in Ñuu Tnoo.] 2)Lord 10 Dog 'War Foot' and Lady 8 Grass 'Cloud of Ñuu Dzaui' ruled the Place Where the Sacred Arrow is Kept. 3) Lord 6 Movement 'Arrow' and Lady 9 House 'Sacred Seed of the Cave' were seated in the Cave of Clouds or the Cave of the Spring and the Tree. Its sacred date was year 7 Flint, day 9 House. Band ii (right to left). 4) The son of Lord 6 Movement and lady 9 House, Lord 5 Reed 'Born in War', married Lady 1 Flint 'Fire Serpent Jewel', the daughter of Lord 4 Rain 'Down-ball Quetzal' and Lady 7 Flower 'Eagle Wing', who ruled Stone of the Red and White Bundle. 5) the daughter of Lord 5 Reed and Lady 1 Flint was Lady 7 Death 'Fire Fan'. She married Lord 3 Rain 'Staff of Marks in the Ballcourt', ruler of Añute (Jaltepec).[Lord 4 Flower married Lady 3 Rain (not mentioned in Jansen and Perez Jimenez publication-surnames to be defined). 6) Lord 10 Flint 'Skull' from the ancient Dark Altar married Lady 8 Death 'Quetzal, Performing Self-Sacrifice for the Earth'. Band i (left to right). 7) In Temple of the Plant ruled Lord 7 Flower 'Jaguar, Mountain Bird' and Lady 5 Flint 'Cave Lady'. 8) Lord 10 Movement 'Flower Shield' and Lady 1 Movement 'Quetzal ruled Valley of Mud.] 9) Lord 4 Lizard 'Serpent that Carries the Sky' and Lady 8 House 'Visible on Earth' ruled Town of the Drum. Apparently Lord 4 Alligator had succeeded in bringing their lineages together and so integrated the power base of what was to become the kingdom of Ñuu Tnoo. Another important political factor was the ancient Zapotec capital of Monte Albán, the ruins of which are situated in a mountain near the city of Oaxaca. Its main sign, the 'mountain that is opened or torn', is to be read as Yucu Cahnu, 'Big Mountain'. It was a place of altars and vessels, a place of origin. Here ruled Lord 10 Movement 'Arrow' and Lady 1 Rabbit 'Shield'. Its sacred date was 1 Rabbit day 1 Rabbit.
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BDL9030948 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 8. Obverse. Book I. Starting at bottom (following from p. 6). Band i (left to right). [On the day 10 Flower of the year 13 House, three priests of the supreme council of Ñuu Tnoo visited Lord 5 Alligator, seated with his parents behind him. They asked his parents’ permission to take the boy to priestly duties in the temple, putting before him the sacrificial knife, together with tobacco and blankets. Day 10 Flower was the name-day of the prince of Ñuu Tnoo, who, born in the year 6 Flint (992), was now thirty-three years old. We suspect that this date is mentioned here because it was chosen for Lord 10 Flower’s accession to the throne of Ñuu Tnoo (his father, Lord 9 Wind ‘Stone Skull’, would by 1025 be aged eighty-three, and would probably be dead). The first priest was named ‘Smoke’;] the last one was the Keeper of the Sacred Arrow. First, young Lord 5 Alligator went to Mountain of Plants and Flowers to offer a tunic as tribute to Lord 7 Movement, a Rain Spirit. After that, Lord 5 Alligator went to the River of the Serpent (Yute Coo), the ancestral place of the ruling dynasty of Ñuu Tnoo, where he offered another tunic. Band ii (right to left). Continuing his journey, he was welcomed and ceremonially saluted by two priests: Lord 10 Flower ‘Stone Man, born from the Earth’ and Lord 7 Reed ‘White Star’, who offered him fire and blew the ceremonial conch. Lord 10 Flower was probably the ruler of Ñuu Tnoo at that time. Then, still on the day 7 Movement of the year 13 House (1025), Lord 5 Alligator burnt incense for the Sacred Bundle in the Temple of Heaven, the ceremonial centre of Ñuu Tnoo. [He became a priest there, and in following years passed through the successive ranks of priesthood symbolised by different tunics and sacrificial knives that he received, the first in the year 6 Reed (1031), the second in the year 10 Reed (1035), the third in the year 1 Reed (1039). The ritual day to enter a new period of four year’s service was, logically 1 Alligator, the beginning of the count of 260 days. After a first period of six years (probably composed of two ‘preparatory’ years and a regular rank period of four years) and then three successive rank periods of four years each, i.e. after a total of eighteen years in the Temple of Heaven, lord 5 Alligator had reached the highest level of priesthood. Band iii (left to right). The elderly Smoke priest sent a younger priest to him with a garland of flowers, indicating that he could leave the priesthood and marry. By then Lord 5 Alligator ‘Rain-Sun’ had become an extremely important figure with great charisma and political power. In the year 5 Reed (1043), on the day 7 Eagle, a sacred day for the Ñuu Tnoo dynasty, Lord 5 Alligator had his first wedding. Later he would marry a second time. Comparing Codex Bodley with other manuscripts, this codex seeCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS to have inverted the sequence of the two wives. Here the first wife is Lady 11 Water ‘Blue Parrot’.] She had been married before to Lord 3 Wind ‘Jaguar Warrior, Bird with Fish Tail’, who came from Town of Stones, and was the son of Lady 10 House ‘Garment of Stone’ (Virtue of Town of Stones). With this man she had a son: Lord 8 Flower ‘Flint-Hair’. Several children were born from the first marriage of Lord 5 Alligator: 10 In the year 7 House (1045) Lord 12 Movement ‘Blood Jaguar’, who was to become Keeper of the Sacred War Arrow. Band iv (right to left). 2) In the year 9 Reed (1047; date given on band iii, far right), Lady 6 Lizard ‘Jewel Fan’, who later married Lord 11 Wind from the Town of the Red and White Bundle’. 3) In the year 10 Flint (1048) Lord 9 Movement ‘Hummingbird’. 4) In the year 10 House (1061) Lord 3 Water ‘Heron’. [The latter two would be slain in the year 9 Rabbit (1086), on the day 8 Death, in a place called Town of the Quetzal, probably Ñuu Ndodzo (today known as Huitzo), at the entrance of the Valley of Oaxaca (date and place on p. 8). In the year 10 House (1061) on the day 6 Deer, Lord 5 Alligator ‘Rain-Sun’ married for the second time. The name of his wife is given as Lady 9 Eagle ‘Cacao Flower’. She was the daughter of Lord 8 Rain ‘War Eagle’ and Lady 12 Flint ‘Quetzal Feathers’, rulers of Island of Stone. Band v (left to right). The following children were born from the second marriage (in fact, they were the children of Lady 11 Water): 1) Lord 8 Deer ‘Jaguar Claw’, born in the year 12 Reed (1063). His birth was marked by several symbolic occurrences, which announced his later importance. The first omen is represented as a long plumed grass. Perhaps this indicates simply that the grasses were extraordinarily high that season, or that there was a drought. But the grass is also a symbol of poverty and oblivion, and may indicate Lord 8 Deer’s low birth. On the other hand, these grasses are used in sacrifices, and so might prophesy ritual bloodshed. The same symbol occurs in Codex Tonindeye (Nuttall) as the hieroglyph of the place where Lord 8 Deer starts his huge campaign of conquests. The second omen is represented as the head of the Rain God from which coloured dots emanate, perhaps suggesting an unexpectedly long period (20 days?) of heavy rain, an appropriate sign for the birth of someone whose actions would affect the whole of Ñuu Dzaui, the People of the Rain, i.e. the Mixtecs. The third sign was an eagle, which could be an augury of bravery in war, but could also be understood as a warning that an eagle might snatch away the good luck. 2) The younger brother of Lord 8 Deer was Lord 9 Flower ‘Sacred Arrow’, born in the year 3 Reed (1067). 3) Their sister, Lady 9 Monkey ‘Jewel Quetzal’, was born in the year 13 Flint (1064).] She married Lord 8 Alligator ‘Blood Coyote’, ruler of the great Death Town, i.e. Ñuu Ndaya. 4) A last child, Lady 12 Grass ‘Hand with Jewel and Fur’, was born in the year 4 House (1081), and married Lord 3 Reed, a visionary priest from Mountain of the Insect, possibly the slope Tiyuqh of Monte Albán. On the day 9 Dog of the Year 5 Rabbit (1082), the great High Priest, Lord 5 Alligator, died. The passing away of this spiritual and political leader must have had a great impact in the region. His ambitious son, Lord 8 Deer, had anticipated it by making hiCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MSelf a name through military conquests and ritual celebrations.
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BDL9030947 Codex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS. Mex. d.1, p. 7. Obverse. Book I. Starting at bottom (following from p. 6). Band i (left to right). On the day 10 Flower of the year 13 House, three priests of the supreme council of Ñuu Tnoo visited Lord 5 Alligator, seated with his parents behind him. They asked his parents’ permission to take the boy to priestly duties in the temple, putting before him the sacrificial knife, together with tobacco and blankets. Day 10 Flower was the name-day of the prince of Ñuu Tnoo, who, born in the year 6 Flint (992), was now thirty-three years old. We suspect that this date is mentioned here because it was chosen for Lord 10 Flower’s accession to the throne of Ñuu Tnoo (his father, Lord 9 Wind ‘Stone Skull’, would by 1025 be aged eighty-three, and would probably be dead). The first priest was named ‘Smoke’; [the last one was the Keeper of the Sacred Arrow. First, young Lord 5 Alligator went to Mountain of Plants and Flowers to offer a tunic as tribute to Lord 7 Movement, a Rain Spirit. After that, Lord 5 Alligator went to the River of the Serpent (Yute Coo), the ancestral place of the ruling dynasty of Ñuu Tnoo, where he offered another tunic. Band ii (right to left). Continuing his journey, he was welcomed and ceremonially saluted by two priests: Lord 10 Flower ‘Stone Man, born from the Earth’ and Lord 7 Reed ‘White Star’, who offered him fire and blew the ceremonial conch. Lord 10 Flower was probably the ruler of Ñuu Tnoo at that time. Then, still on the day 7 Movement of the year 13 House (1025), Lord 5 Alligator burnt incense for the Sacred Bundle in the Temple of Heaven, the ceremonial centre of Ñuu Tnoo.] He became a priest there, and in following years passed through the successive ranks of priesthood symbolised by different tunics and sacrificial knives that he received, the first in the year 6 Reed (1031), the second in the year 10 Reed (1035), the third in the year 1 Reed (1039). The ritual day to enter a new period of four year’s service was, logically 1 Alligator, the beginning of the count of 260 days. After a first period of six years (probably composed of two ‘preparatory’ years and a regular rank period of four years) and then three successive rank periods of four years each, i.e. after a total of eighteen years in the Temple of Heaven, lord 5 Alligator had reached the highest level of priesthood. Band iii (left to right). The elderly Smoke priest sent a younger priest to him with a garland of flowers, indicating that he could leave the priesthood and marry. By then Lord 5 Alligator ‘Rain-Sun’ had become an extremely important figure with great charisma and political power. In the year 5 Reed (1043), on the day 7 Eagle, a sacred day for the Ñuu Tnoo dynasty, Lord 5 Alligator had his first wedding. Later he would marry a second time. Comparing Codex Bodley with other manuscripts, this codex seeCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MS to have inverted the sequence of the two wives. Here the first wife is Lady 11 Water ‘Blue Parrot’. [She had been married before to Lord 3 Wind ‘Jaguar Warrior, Bird with Fish Tail’, who came from Town of Stones, and was the son of Lady 10 House ‘Garment of Stone’ (Virtue of Town of Stones). With this man she had a son: Lord 8 Flower ‘Flint-Hair’. Several children were born from the first marriage of Lord 5 Alligator: 10 In the year 7 House (1045) Lord 12 Movement ‘Blood Jaguar’, who was to become Keeper of the Sacred War Arrow. Band iv (right to left). 2) In the year 9 Reed (1047; date given on band iii, far right), Lady 6 Lizard ‘Jewel Fan’, who later married Lord 11 Wind from the Town of the Red and White Bundle’. 3) In the year 10 Flint (1048) Lord 9 Movement ‘Hummingbird’. 4) In the year 10 House (1061) Lord 3 Water ‘Heron’.] The latter two would be slain in the year 9 Rabbit (1086), on the day 8 Death, in a place called Town of the Quetzal, probably Ñuu Ndodzo (today known as Huitzo), at the entrance of the Valley of Oaxaca (date and place on p. 8). In the year 10 House (1061) on the day 6 Deer, Lord 5 Alligator ‘Rain-Sun’ married for the second time. The name of his wife is given as Lady 9 Eagle ‘Cacao Flower’. She was the daughter of Lord 8 Rain ‘War Eagle’ and Lady 12 Flint ‘Quetzal Feathers’, rulers of Island of Stone. Band v (left to right). The following children were born from the second marriage (in fact, they were the children of Lady 11 Water): 1) Lord 8 Deer ‘Jaguar Claw’, born in the year 12 Reed (1063). His birth was marked by several symbolic occurrences, which announced his later importance. The first omen is represented as a long plumed grass. Perhaps this indicates simply that the grasses were extraordinarily high that season, or that there was a drought. But the grass is also a symbol of poverty and oblivion, and may indicate Lord 8 Deer’s low birth. On the other hand, these grasses are used in sacrifices, and so might prophesy ritual bloodshed. The same symbol occurs in Codex Tonindeye (Nuttall) as the hieroglyph of the place where Lord 8 Deer starts his huge campaign of conquests. The second omen is represented as the head of the Rain God from which coloured dots emanate, perhaps suggesting an unexpectedly long period (20 days?) of heavy rain, an appropriate sign for the birth of someone whose actions would affect the whole of Ñuu Dzaui, the People of the Rain, i.e. the Mixtecs. The third sign was an eagle, which could be an augury of bravery in war, but could also be understood as a warning that an eagle might snatch away the good luck. 2) The younger brother of Lord 8 Deer was Lord 9 Flower ‘Sacred Arrow’, born in the year 3 Reed (1067). 3) Their sister, Lady 9 Monkey ‘Jewel Quetzal’, was born in the year 13 Flint (1064). [She married Lord 8 Alligator ‘Blood Coyote’, ruler of the great Death Town, i.e. Ñuu Ndaya. 4) A last child, Lady 12 Grass ‘Hand with Jewel and Fur’, was born in the year 4 House (1081), and married Lord 3 Reed, a visionary priest from Mountain of the Insect, possibly the slope Tiyuqh of Monte Albán. On the day 9 Dog of the Year 5 Rabbit (1082), the great High Priest, Lord 5 Alligator, died. The passing away of this spiritual and political leader must have had a great impact in the region. His ambitious son, Lord 8 Deer, had anticipated it by making hiCodex Bodley / Codex Ñuu Tnoo', c. first half 16th century. MSelf a name through military conquests and ritual celebrations.]
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