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PIX4565674 Galaxy has 13 billion years - light in cluster CL1358+62 - Galaxy 13 billion light - years away - Image obtained by the Hubble space telescope of the galaxy cluster CL1358+62. This cluster reveals to us, by a gravitational mirage effect, the deformed image of a galaxy, located behind the cluster at a distance of 13 billion years - light (the red crescent at the bottom right of the image). At the top right, a close-up of this arc reveals brighter points, indicating a strong star-forming activity within this galaxy. At the bottom right, a modeling of this arc. A NASA Hubble Space Telescope image of the galaxy cluster CL1358+62 has uncovered a gravitationally - lensed image of a more distant galaxy located far beyond the cluster. The gravitationally - lensed image appears as a red crescent to the lower right of center. The galaxy's image is brightened, magnified, and smeared into an arc - shape by the gravitational influence of the intervening galaxy cluster, which acts like a gigantic lens. Exact measurement of the distance from spectroscopic observations with the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii show the lensed galaxy is one of the farthest ever seen. Its light is only reaching us now from a time when the universe was but 7% its current age of approximately 14 billion years. This places the young galaxy as far as 13 billion light - years away. The lensing foreground cluster is 5 billion light - years from us. [UPPER RIGHT] A close - up of the gravitationally - lensed image shows why astronomers are excited about this unique opportunity to study the distant galaxy's structure. The stretched - out image reveals tiny knots of vigorous starbirth activity. This provides a first detailed look at the early construction phase of a galaxy undergoing training. [LOWER RIGHT] A theoretical model of the cluster lens is used to “” unsmear””” the gravitationally - lensed image back into the galaxy's normal appearance. The corrected image gives a highly

PIX4565586 Galaxy Clusters Abell 1689 - details - Gravitational lenses in Abell 1689 galaxy cluster - Close-up of the various gravitational mirages observed in the Abell 1689 galaxy cluster. Near infrared and visible image obtained by the Hubble space telescope in June 2002. 13 hours of installation. A selection of cropped images from a NASA Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys view of one of the most massive galaxy clusters known, called Abell 1689. These close - ups show “” lensed”” images of background galaxies that have been brightened and smeared by the gravitational bending of light by the foreground cluster. The yellow - white objects are the cluster galaxies located 2.2 billion light - years away. The blue arcs are the distorted images of background galaxies located billions of light - years farther away than Abell 1689. The distribution of both “” normal”” and dark matter, and the alignment of the background galaxies determine the amount of distortion. In a perfectly aligned gravitational lens the background object would be smeared into an “” Einstein ring.”” Instead, there are numerous ring sections or arcs corresponding to individual galaxies. Though the galaxy images are distorted, numerous structural details such as star clusters and dust lanes are magnified. These would not normally be resolved without the lensing effect of the foreground cluster. Red objects in the field may be nearby cool stars, or galaxies at great distances. Images of the same galaxies are also mirrored on either side of the cluster. These distortions yield clues to dark matter in space, and the curvature of the universe. They also beautifully demonstrate Einstein's theory of general relativity that predicted that gravity warps space. This representative color image is a composite of visible - light and near - infrared exposures taken in June 2002

PIX4613552 Quasars seen by the Hubble Space Telescope - Quasars seen by the Hubble Space Telescope - Gallery of quasars observed in different types of galaxies; left column, quasars in normal galaxies, center in colliding galaxies, right in particular galaxies. Top left: quasar PG 0052+251, has about 1.4 billion years - light. Bottom left: Quasar PHL 909 has about 1.5 billion years - light. High center: quasar IRAS04505 - 2958, has about 3 billion years - light. Low center: quasar PG 1012+008, has about 1.6 billion years - light. High right: quasar 0316 - 346, has about 2.2 billion years - light. Low right: quasar IRAS13218+0552. has about 2 billion years - light. Images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1996. Quasars reside in a variety of galaxies, from normal to highly disturbed. When seen through ground - based telescopes, these compact, enigmatic light sources resemble stars, yet they are billions of light - years away and several hundred billion times brighter than normal stars. The following Hubble Space Telescope images show examples of different home sites of all quasars. The column of images on the left represents normal galaxies; the center, colliding galaxies; and the right, peculiar galaxies.Top left: This image shows quasar PG 0052+251, which is 1.4 billion light - years from Earth, at the core of a normal spiral galaxy. Astronomers are surprised to find host galaxies, such as this one, that appear undisturbed by the strong quasar radiation. Bottom left: Quasar PHL 909 is 1.5 billion light - years from Earth and lies at the core of an apparently normal elliptical galaxy. Top center: The photo reveals evidence of a catastrophic collision between two galaxies traveling at about 1 million mph. The debris from this collision may be fueling quasar IRAS04505 - 2958, which is 3 billion light - years from Earth. Astronomers believe that a galaxy plunged vertically through the

PIX4613581 Galaxy UGC 10214 in the Dragon - Galaxy UGC 10214 in Draco - The galaxy UGC 10214 is about 420 million years away - light from Earth. The shape of this galaxy is due to a collision with another galaxy, the small galaxy, blue, visible in the upper left corner of the image. Powerful gravitational forces are responsible for the formation of the tail, consisting of stars of dust and gas, which stretches over nearly 28,000 light years and is composed of recently formed and extremely bright blue stars. In the background, more than 6000 galaxies are visible, some more than 12 billion years apart - light. Image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2002. This picture of the galaxy UGC 10214 was taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), which was installed aboard Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope in March during Servicing Mission 3B. Its distorted shape was caused by a small interloper, a very blue, compact galaxy visible in the upper left corner of the more massive Tadpole. The Tadpole resides about 420 million light - years away in the constellation Draco. Seen shining through the Tadpole's disk, the tiny intruder is likely a hit - and - run galaxy that is now leaving the scene of the accident. Strong gravitational forces from the interaction created the long tail of debris, consisting of stars and gas that stretch out more than 280,000 light - years. Numerous young blue stars and star clusters, spawned by the galaxy collision, are seen in the spiral arms, as well as in the long “” tidal”” tail of stars. Each of these clusters represents the formation of up to about a million stars. Their color is blue because they contain very massive stars, which are 10 times hotter and 1 million times brighter than our Sun. Once formed, the star clusters become redder with age as the most massive and bluest stars exhaust their fuel and burn out. These clusters will eventually become old globula

PIX4613828 Distant galaxies in the Fornax constellation - Distant galaxies in the Fornax constellation - Image of distant galaxies obtained by the Hubble space telescope in the constellation Forneau in September 2003. This image represents a typical view of our distant universe. In taking this picture, Hubble is looking down a long corridor of galaxies stretching billions of light - years distant in space, corresponding to looking billions of years back in time. The field shown in this picture covers a relatively small patch of sky, a fraction of the area of the full moon, yet it is richly populated with a variety of galaxy types. A handful of large fully formed galaxies are scattered throughout the image. These galaxies are easy to see because they are relatively close to us. Several of the galaxies are spirals with flat disks that are oriented edge - on or face - on to our line of sight, or somewhere in between. Elliptical galaxies and more exotic galaxies with bars or tidal tails are also visible. Many galaxies that appear small in this image are simply farther away. These visibly smaller galaxies are so distant that their light has taken billions of years to reach us. One red galaxy to the lower left of the bright central star is acting as a lens to a large galaxy directly behind it. Light from the farther galaxy is bent around the nearby galaxy's nucleus to form a distorted arc. Sprinkled among the thousands of galaxies in this image are at least a dozen foreground stars that reside in our Milky Way Galaxy. The brightest of these foreground stars is the red object in the center of the image. The stars are easily discernable from galaxies because of their diffraction spikes, long cross - hair - like features that look like they are emanating from the centers of the stars. Diffraction spikes are an image artifact caused by starlight traveling through the telescope's optical system. This image is a composite of multiple exposures of a single field taken by

PIX4613831 Field of distant galaxies - Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) - Distant galaxies - Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) - Image of distant galaxies obtained in infrared by the Hubble space telescope in the constellation of the Furnace. The farthest galaxies visible in this image are 13.2 billion light years away. Called the Extreme Deep Field, or XDF, the photo was assembled by combining 10 years of NASA Hubble Space Telescope photographs taken of a patch of sky at the center of the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field. The XDF is a small fraction of the angular diameter of the full Moon. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field is an image of a small area of space in the constellation Fornax, created using Hubble Space Telescope data from 2003 and 2004. By collecting faint light over many hours of observation, it revealed thousands of galaxies, both nearby and very distant, making it the deepest image of the universe ever taken at that time. The new full - color XDF image reaches much fainter galaxies, and includes very deep exposures in red light from Hubble's new infrared camera, enabling new studies of the earliest galaxies in the universe. The XDF contains about 5,500 galaxies even within its smaller field of view. The faintest galaxies are one ten - billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. The universe is 13.7 billion years old, and the XDF reveals galaxies that span back 13.2 billion years in time. Most of the galaxies in the XDF are seen when they were young, small, and growing, often violently as they collided and merged together. The early universe was a time of dramatic birth for galaxies containing brilliant blue stars extraordinarily brighter than our Sun. The light from those past events is just arriving at Earth now, and so the XDF is a “” time tunnel into the distant past.” The youngest galaxy found in the XDF existed just 450 million years after the university's birth in the big bangs

PIX4613605 Galaxy UGC 10214 in the Dragon - Galaxy UGC 10214 in Draco - The galaxy UGC 10214 is about 420 million years away - light from Earth. The shape of this galaxy is due to a collision with another galaxy, the small galaxy, blue, visible in the upper left corner of the image. Powerful gravitational forces are responsible for the formation of the tail, consisting of stars of dust and gas, which stretches over nearly 28,000 light years and is composed of recently formed and extremely bright blue stars. In the background, more than 6000 galaxies are visible, some more than 12 billion years apart - light. Image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2002. This picture of the galaxy UGC 10214 was taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), which was installed aboard Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope in March during Servicing Mission 3B. Its distorted shape was caused by a small interloper, a very blue, compact galaxy visible in the upper left corner of the more massive Tadpole. The Tadpole resides about 420 million light - years away in the constellation Draco. Seen shining through the Tadpole's disk, the tiny intruder is likely a hit - and - run galaxy that is now leaving the scene of the accident. Strong gravitational forces from the interaction created the long tail of debris, consisting of stars and gas that stretch out more than 280,000 light - years. Numerous young blue stars and star clusters, spawned by the galaxy collision, are seen in the spiral arms, as well as in the long “” tidal”” tail of stars. Each of these clusters represents the formation of up to about a million stars. Their color is blue because they contain very massive stars, which are 10 times hotter and 1 million times brighter than our Sun. Once formed, the star clusters become redder with age as the most massive and bluest stars exhaust their fuel and burn out. These clusters will eventually become old globula

PIX4609671 Elliptical galaxy NGC 1132 and distant galaxies - Elliptical galaxy NGC 1132 and distant galaxies - The galaxy NGC 1132 is about 320 million years - light from Earth in the constellation Eridan. This giant elliptical galaxy is surrounded by a vast halo of dark matter; it and the dwarf galaxies surrounding it are probably the rest of a larger group of galaxies that have merged over time. In the background, many more distant galaxies are visible. Composite of images obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2005 and 2006. The elliptical galaxy NGC 1132, seen in this image from Hubble space telescope, belongs to a category of galaxies called giant ellipticals. NGC 1132, together with the small dwarf galaxies surrounding it, are dubbed a fossil group” as they are most likely the remains of a group of galaxies that merged together in the recent past. In visible light NGC 1132 appears as a single, isolated, giant elliptical galaxy, but this is only the tip of the iceberg. Scientists have found that NGC 1132 resides in an enormous halo of dark matter, comparable to the amount of dark matter usually found in an entire group of tens or hundreds of galaxies. It also has a strong X - ray glow from an abundant amount of hot gas - an amount normally only found in galaxy groups. Its X - ray glow extends over a region of space ten times larger than the 120,000 light - year radius it has in visible light. An X - ray glow that is equal in size to that of an entire group of galaxies. In this Hubble image, NGC 1132 is seen surrounded by thousands of ancient globular clusters, swarming around the galaxy like bees around a hive. These globular clusters are likely to be the survivors of the disruption of their cannibalised parent galaxies that have been eaten by NGC 1132 and may reveal its merger history. In the background, there is a stunning tapestry of numerous galaxies that are much further away. NGC 1132 is locate

MAA2956890 The little boy is the artist's three or four year old son, Charles Edward Dixon, in an actual incident when he had been lost and picked up by the police, according to a notice in the Belfast Newsletter (June 1, 1876, p 3). Having escaped the clutches of the law, the boy grew up to become a famous painter of water traffic on the Thames. The Morning Post carried an amusing review of the painting when it was exhibited at the RA: 'The smallest figure upon this canvas is by far the most important personage of the scene. He is a mite of a child, certainly not more than three years old, who, having lost his way, has been taken by the police to a station-house, where he now sits at the end of a long bench, the very picture of infantile sorrow and bewilderment. There is something exceedingly tragi-comic in the disconsolate woe-begone air and manner of this tiny wanderer, as, with head slightly drooping on one side, he looks furtively from under his little hat at the gigantic policeman who has "run him in," and who, standing in awful majesty, with his back to the fire, surveys him with some such expression of haughty patronage as an elephant might be imagined to bestow upon a flea. That august "Bobby" has not as yet quite fathomed the "Gainsborough" mystery, and he is still some what at sea about the Clerkenwell explosion: but on the present occasion he has on hand a case fairly within the compass of his professional abilities. He is proud of his capture, and evidently intends to make the most of him. So the prisoner is to understand that violence on his part will be of no avail to him, and that the best thing he can do is to submit patiently to his fate. Never surely were greatness and smallness brought into mere ludicrous contrast; but it might hurt the consequence of the "force" to be told what is nevertheless the fact, that the captive excites far more interest than does his captor. The group of sergeants seated at the table, and so zealously employed in making out their sheet of night charges as to be apparently unconscious of the presence of their burly brother in arms (or rather in truncheons) and of his prisoner, is highly characteristic, and the whole scene is depicted with a quaint, quiet humour not to be resisted. This is a clever and original work, full of drollery not unrelieved with a touch of homely pathos, so that one hardly knows whether to bestow tears or laughter on the lilliputian wayfarer who is "miles away from home." Why so good a picture should have been placed above rather than upon the line is a mystery past finding out by any one not in the confidence of the Hanging Committee.'

PIX4613824 Field of distant galaxies - Distant galaxies - Image of distant galaxies obtained by the Hubble space telescope in the furnace constellation. 7500 galaxies, some of which are more than 13 billion years old - light are visible on this image. Some closer galaxies also appear. This image covers a field equivalent to one third of a full moon. This image, taken by Nasa's Hubble Space Telescope, was made from mosaics taken in September and October 2009 with the newly installed Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) and in 2004 with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The view covers a portion of the southern field of a large galaxy census called the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS), a deep - sky study by several observatories to trace the formation and evolution of galaxies. The final image combines a broad range of colors, from the ultraviolet, through visible light, and into the near - infrared. The image reveals galaxy shapes that appear increasingly chaotic at each earlier epoch, as galaxies grew through accretion, collisions, and mergers. The galaxies range from the mature spirals and ellipticals in the foreground, to smaller, fainter, irregularly shaped galaxies, most of which are farther away, and therefore existed farther back in time. These smaller galaxies are considered the building blocks of the larger galaxies we see today. Astronomers are using this multi - color panorama to trace many details of galaxy assembly over cosmic time, including the star - formation rate in galaxies, the rate of mergers among galaxies, and the abundance of weak active galactic nuclei. The image shows a rich tapestry of 7,500 galaxies stretching back through most of the university's history. The closest galaxies seen in the foreground emitted their observed light about a billion years ago. The farthest galaxies, a few of the very faint red specks, are seen as they appeared more than 13 billion years ago, or roughly 650 million years ago,

PIX4565700 Galaxy cluster Abell 2667 - Galaxy cluster Abell 2667 - In this image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2667, a spiral galaxy, at the top left of the image, seems to leave a trail of gas and stars in its wake. Attracted by the high gravity of Abell 2667, this “galaxy - comete” plunges into the cluster at a speed of 3.5 million km/h, losing its gas and young stars. This phenomene may explain the presence of isolated stars in the centre of galaxy clusters. On the right, a further galaxy appears as a gravitational arc. Image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope in October 2001. The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, in collaboration with several other ground - and space - based telescopes, has captured a galaxy being ripped apart by a galaxy cluster's gravitational field and harsh environment. The finding sheds light on the mysterious process by which gas - rich spiral - shaped galaxies might evolve into gas - poor irregular - or elliptical - shaped galaxies over billions of years. The new observations also show one mechanism to form the millions of 'homeless' stars seen scattered throughout galaxy clusters. While looking at the galaxy cluster Abell 2667, astronomers found an odd - looking spiral galaxy (shown here in the upper left hand corner of the image) that ploughs through the cluster after being accelerated to at least 3.5 million km/h by the enormous combined gravity of the cluster's dark matter, hot gas and hundreds of galaxies. As the galaxy speeds through, its gas and stars are being stripped away by the tidal forces exerted by the cluster just as the tidal forces exerted by the moon and Sun push and pull the Earth's oceans. Also contributing to this destructive process is the pressure of the cluster's hot gas plasma reaching temperatures as high as 10 - 100 million degrees. Both processes the tidal forces and the aptly named 'ram pressure stripping' resulting from the action of the hot clust